Table 3. Postoperative Complications and Outcomes in the Conventional Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy (C-NSM) and Minimal Access Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy (M-NSM) Groups.
| Variable | No. (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C-NSM (n = 1356) | M-NSM (n = 227) | ||
| Clavien-Dindo classification | |||
| 0-IIIa | 1241 (91.52) | 211 (92.95) | .16 |
| IIIb-V | 72 (5.31) | 7 (3.08) | |
| Unknown | 43 (3.17) | 9 (3.96) | |
| Less than postoperative 30 d | |||
| Occurrence of complications | |||
| No | 891 (65.71) | 154 (67.84) | .53 |
| Yes | 465 (34.29) | 73 (32.16) | |
| Postoperative seroma formation | 245 (18.07) | 25 (11.01) | NA |
| Breast skin flap necrosis | 60 (4.42) | 12 (5.29) | NA |
| Nipple-areolar complex necrosis | 53 (3.91) | 20 (8.81) | NA |
| Nipple-areolar complex ischemia | 51 (3.76) | 12 (5.29) | NA |
| Wound dehiscence | 43 (3.17) | 6 (2.64) | NA |
| Bleeding/hematoma | 30 (2.21) | 6 (2.64) | NA |
| Wound infection | 22 (1.62) | 17 (7.49) | NA |
| Skin ischemia | 18 (1.33) | 1 (0.44) | NA |
| Implant loss | 4 (0.29) | 1 (0.44) | NA |
| Autologous flap failure | 2 (0.15) | 1 (0.44) | NA |
| Other | 93 (6.86) | 4 (1.76) | NA |
| Less than postoperative 90 d | |||
| Occurrence of complications | |||
| No | 831 (61.28) | 154 (67.84) | .06 |
| Yes | 525 (38.72) | 73 (32.16) | |
| Breast skin flap necrosisa | |||
| A | 1236 (91.15) | 211 (92.95) | .62 |
| B0 | 13 (0.96) | 0 | |
| B1 | 34 (2.51) | 3 (1.32) | |
| B2 | 5 (0.37) | 1 (0.44) | |
| B3 | 0 | 0 | |
| C0 | 7 (0.52) | 0 | |
| C1 | 35 (2.58) | 9 (3.96) | |
| C2 | 8 (0.59) | 1 (0.44) | |
| C3 | 0 | 0 | |
| D0 | 5 (0.37) | 0 | |
| D1 | 3 (0.22) | 0 | |
| D2 | 2 (0.15) | 0 | |
| D3 | 2 (0.15) | 0 | |
| Unknown | 6 (0.44) | 2 (0.88) | |
| Nipple-areolar complex necrosisa | |||
| A | 1203 (88.72) | 200 (88.11) | .04 |
| B | 48 (3.54) | 0 | |
| C | 20 (1.47) | 2 (0.88) | |
| D | 8 (0.59) | 0 | |
| E | 5 (0.37) | 0 | |
| F | 10 (0.74) | 3 (1.32) | |
| Unknown | 62 (4.57) | 22 (9.69) | |
| Wound infection | |||
| No | 1293 (95.35) | 208 (91.63) | .03 |
| Minor infection | 35 (2.58) | 13 (5.73) | |
| Severe infection | 23 (1.7) | 5 (2.2) | |
| Unknown | 5 (0.37) | 1 (0.44) | |
| Postoperative bleeding | |||
| No | 1338 (98.67) | 223 (98.24) | .61 |
| Yes | 18 (1.33) | 4 (1.76) | |
| Hematoma | |||
| No | 1310 (96.61) | 220 (96.92) | .81 |
| Yes | 46 (3.39) | 7 (3.08) | |
| Postoperative seroma | |||
| No | 1163 (85.77) | 206 (90.75) | .04 |
| Yes | 193 (14.23) | 21 (9.25) | |
| Duration of seroma formation, mean (SD), d | 51.33 (108.51) | 13.93 (26.61) | .001 |
| Total volume of aspirated seroma, mean (SD), mL | 146.97 (270.1) | 60.8 (53) | <.001 |
| Implant loss | |||
| No | 1322 (97.49) | 222 (97.8) | .78 |
| Yes | 34 (2.51) | 5 (2.2) | |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
Definitions are shown in the eFigures in Supplement 1.