Table 4. Risk Factors Associated With Nipple or Areolar Necrosis After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy.
| Variable | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Breast ptosis | ||||
| Normal | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Mild | 3.65 (1.816-7.336) | .26 | 4.75 (1.66-13.60) | .003 |
| Moderate | 4.232 (2.034-8.805) | .14 | 2.11 (0.60-7.48) | .25 |
| Severe | 5.252 (2.235-12.344) | .06 | 8.78 (1.88-41.02) | .01 |
| Pseudoptosis | 1.013 (0.053-19.246) | .47 | 5.59 (0.16-197.35) | .34 |
| History of smoking | ||||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Past | 4.416 (1.494-13.055) | .07 | 6.63 (0.73-60.61) | .09 |
| Current | 1.876 (0.485-7.252) | .88 | 0.71 (0.04-12.59) | .81 |
| Subcutaneous flap dissecting method | ||||
| Hydrodissection | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Electrocauterization | 1.565 (0.403-6.076) | .32 | 2.88 (0.58-14.39) | .20 |
| Both | 0.616 (0.323-1.176) | .12 | 0.94 (0.36-2.47) | .91 |
| Reconstruction method | ||||
| Direct to implant | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Other | 1.79 (1.177-2.721) | .006 | 2.85 (1.11-7.34) | .03 |
| Location of surgical incision | ||||
| Mid or anterior axillary or axillary | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Other | 5.096 (1.431-18.147) | .01 | 32.72 (2.11-508.36) | .01 |
| Use of acellular dermal matrix | ||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 0.502 (0.327-0.77) | .002 | 1.51 (0.51-4.49) | .46 |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | ||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 1.025 (0.584-1.799) | .93 | 1.44 (0.47-4.46) | .52 |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.