Table 3.
Detailed quality assessment of included studies using Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool
| First Author | Year | Randomization process | Intervention adherence | Missing outcome data | Outcome measurement | Selective reporting | Overall RoB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azuma | 1983 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Azuma | 1985 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Fujita | 1987 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Azuma | 1992 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| JeeJeebhoy | 2002 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Spohr | 2005 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Adamchik | 2010 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Moloney | 2010 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Sedova | 2010 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Beyranvand | 2011 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Roshan | 2011 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Gordeev | 2012 | Sa | Sb | L | L | L | S |
| Averin | 2015 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Ra | 2016 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Sun | 2016 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Ahmadian | 2017 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Schwarzer | 2018 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Esmaeili | 2021 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Zaki | 2021 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Moludi | 2022 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
H High risk of bias, L Low risk of bias, RoB Risk of bias, S Some risk of bias
aThe studies did not provide allocation concealment details
bThe study did not mention whether participants are aware of the intervention