Table 2.

Preoperative baseline characteristics. Values are count (%) unless otherwise specified

Factor	No preoperative opioid use (n = 3,623)	Preoperative opioid user (n = 2,037)
Age, mean (SD)	70 (10)	70 (11)
Male sex	1,549 (43)	698 (34)
Diabetes	374 (10)	304 (15)
Alcohol abuse	86 (2.4)	89 (4.4)
Chronic pulmonary disease	23 (0.6)	36 (1.8)
Previous surgery	918 (25)	600 (29)
Charlson Comorbidity index
0	2,145 (59)	909 (45)
1–2	1,128 (31)	756 (37)
≥ 3	350 (10)	372 (18)
Preoperative drug use
Antidepressants	479 (13)	563 (28)
Antipsychotics	220 (6.1)	341 (17)
Hypnotics	341 (9.4)	431 (21)
Preoperative opioid prescriptions
1	N/A	691 (34)
2–4	N/A	1,009 (50)
≥ 5	N/A	337 (17)