Table 3.

Risk of opioid use beyond 90 days after shoulder arthroplasty. Values are count (%) unless otherwise specified

Factor	Not prolonged opioid use (n = 4,076)	Prolonged opioid use (n = 1,584)	OR (CI) a	P	adjOR (CI) b	P
							Age
							< 65 years	1,144 (28)	449 (28)	Ref.		Ref.
≥ 65 years	2,932 (72)	1,135 (72)	0.99 (0.87–1.12)	0.8	0.88 (0.74–1.05)	0.2
Male sex	1,742 (43)	505 (32)	0.63 (0.55–0.71)	< 0.01	0.71 (0.61–0.83)	< 0.01
Diabetes	436 (11)	242 (15)	1.51 (1.27–1.78)	< 0.01	1.13 (0.91–1.41)	0.3
Alcohol	84 (2.1)	91 (5.7)	2.90 (2.14–3.92)	< 0.01	2.12 (1.44–3.13)	< 0.01
Chronic pulmonary disease	24 (0.6)	35 (2.2)	3.81 (2.26–6.43)	< 0.01	1.77 (0.89–3.50)	0.1
Charlson Comorbidity Index
0	2,357 (58)	697 (44)	Ref.		Ref.
1–2	1,288 (32)	596 (38)	1.56 (1.36–1.78)	< 0.01	1.22 (1.04–1.43)	0.01
≥ 3	431 (11)	291 (18)	2.28 (1.92–2.71)	< 0.01	1.37 (1.09–1.72)	< 0.01
Previous surgery	1,016 (25)	502 (32)	1.40 (1.23–1.59)	< 0.01	1.35 (1.15–1.59)	< 0.01
Preoperative drug use
Antidepressants	563 (14)	479 (30)	2.70 (2.35–3.11)	< 0.01	1.54 (1.29–1.82)	< 0.01
Antipsychotics	258 (6.3)	303 (19)	3.50 (2.93–4.18)	< 0.01	1.74 (1.39–2.17)	< 0.01
Benzodiazepines	407 (10)	365 (23)	2.70 (2.31–3.15)	< 0.01	1.62 (1.34–1.96)	< 0.01
Preoperative opioids	836 (20)	1,201 (76)	12.2 (10.6–13.9)	< 0.01	10.1 (8.8–11.7)	< 0.01
Year of operation	N/A	N/A	0.97 (0.96–0.99)	< 0.01	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.7
Arthroplasty implant
Total	1,322 (33)	383 (24)	Ref.		Ref.
Reverse	1,362 (34)	626 (40)	1.58 (1.37–1.84)	< 0.01	1.25 (1.05–1.50)	0.02
Hemi	1,340 (33)	556 (35)	1.43 (1.23–1.67)	< 0.01	1.25 (1.01–1.55)	0.06

^aUnivariate logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence interval (CI)

^badjOR = multivariable adjusted odds ratio with CI.