Table 2.

Effects of different mycotoxins and coccidiosis challenges simultaneously in poultry.

Mycotoxins	Dosage μg/kg of feed	Specie of Eimeria	Main findingsa	References
AFb	2,500	E. acervulina	Impaired pigmentation decreased weight gain and mortality. Decreased plasma cholesterol and protein	Ruff and Wyatt (84)
Fusarium mycotoxinsc	DON: 6500 ZEA: 730	E. maxina	Immunomodulation of CD4+ and CD8+ cell and macrophage populations in the jejunum, which was highly modulated by Fusarium mycotoxins	Girgis et al. (85)
AF	AF: 860d	E. tenellae	A naturally contaminated farm with a high level of AF. The simultaneous aflatoxicosis and cecal coccidiosis showed that AF is a predisposing factor for coccidiosis infection	Shareef (86)
Fusarium mycotoxinsc	DON: 3800 ZEA: 200	E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella.	Fusarium mycotoxins delayed duodenal recovery from coccidia infection. No performance measurements were reported	Girgis et al. (83)
OTA	OTA: 5000	E. tenella	Faster progression of coccidiosis and greater intensity of clinical signs, including renal dysfunction, macroscopic and histopathologic changes, abnormalities in the weight of some organs, and general growth retardation	Stoev et al. (87)
OTA	OTA: 4000	E. acervulina	The disease progressed to a more severe form (renal dysfunction, histopathologic changes, and general growth depression) and also resulted in an unusual mortality in chicks caused by E. acervulina	Koynarski et al. (88)
OTA	OTA: From 0 to 8,000	E. acervulina or E. tenella.	Greater decrease in body weight, increase in feed conversion ratio, and decrease in plasma carotenoid levels	Huff and Ruff (89)
AFB1	OTA: 400	Eimeria vaccine challenge	AFB1 had an enhancing effect on coccidiosis performance in some periods. There was immunomodulation in the jejunum and liver, generally increasing the number of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ cells	Kraieski et al. (90)
DON + FUM	DON: 1500 FUM: 20000 or both	Eimeria vaccine challenge	Subclinical doses of DON and FUM resulted in metabolic and immunologic disturbances that increased the severity of coccidiosis	Grenier et al. (82)
AF	AF: 2000	E. tenella	There was an impairment of prothrombin times. There were no statistical differences in body weight or lesion score. A higher mortality rate was observed, but this did not reach statistical difference	Witlock and Wyatt (91)
AF	AF: 200	E. tenella	There was a worsened performance outcome. No lesion score and oocyst output were detected. There were deficits in liver function, hematological parameters, gross pathological and histological changes	Ellakany et al. (46)
AF	AFB1: 200 and 2000	E. tenellae	The chickens were more susceptible to severe cecal coccidiosis and had a greater degree of persistence	Edds and Simpson (92)
AF	AF: 1000	Eimeria spp.	There was a higher mortality rate, higher fecal scores and increased oocyst production. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were lower. Serum levels of total protein, gamma globulins, calcium and phosphorus were decreased, and total bilirubin and AST activity were increased	Toulah (93)
Fusarium mycotoxinsc	DON: 3800 ZEA: 200	E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella.	Fusarium mycotoxins had a subtle modulation in the immunity of the birds. There was no association with growth impairment	Girgis et al.(94)

^aThese results refer to changes greater than the effects (mycotoxin or Eimeria challenge) individually.

^bOnly in one of three studies.

^cFusarium mycotoxins: DON and zearalenone.

^dMeasured as average levels on corn, soybean, and mixed diets corresponding to 1915 of 1915, 229, and 860 μg/kg, respectively.

^eE. tenella was diagnosed as cecal coccidiosis in broilers and the birds were not challenged a priori.

AF, aflatoxin; AFB1, aflatoxin B1; OTA, ochratoxin A; DON, deoxynivalenol; ZEA, zearalenone; FUM, fumonisine; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.