Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients in Development (MIMIC-IV) and External Validation (eICU) Cohorts.
| Development cohort (MIMIC-IV) | External validation cohort (eICU) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identified to have no benefit from restrictive fluid strategy (N= 712) | Identified to benefit from restrictive fluid strategy (N= 6,223) | Total (N= 6,935) | p value | Identified to have no benefit from restrictive fluid strategy (N= 247) | Identified to benefit from restrictive fluid strategy (N= 1844) | Total (N= 2,091) | p value | |
| Age, year, (mean±SD) | 67.49 ± 15.19 | 66.77 ± 15.98 | 66.84 ± 15.91 | 0.248 | 69.50 ± 14.08 | 66.09 ± 14.88 | 66.49 ± 14.83 | < 0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | 0.375 | ||||||
| White | 437 (61.4%) | 4150 (66.7%) | 4587 (66.1%) | 193 (78.1%) | 1492 (80.9%) | 1685 (80.6%) | ||
| Black | 100 (14.0%) | 533 (8.6%) | 633 (9.1%) | 25 (10.1%) | 186 (10.1%) | 211 (10.1%) | ||
| Hispanic | 20 (2.8%) | 182 (2.9%) | 202 (2.9%) | 4 (1.6%) | 36 (2.0%) | 40 (1.9%) | ||
| Others | 155 (21.8%) | 1358 (21.8%) | 1513 (21.8%) | 25 (10.1%) | 130 (7.0%) | 155 (7.4%) | ||
| Gender - Male, n (%) | 412 (57.9%) | 3548 (57.0%) | 3960 (57.1%) | 0.664 | 137 (55.5%) | 1054 (57.2%) | 1191 (57.0%) | 0.614 |
| Baseline creatinine, mg/dL, (mean±SD) | 2.16 ± 2.30 | 1.15 ± 0.93 | 1.25 ± 1.19 | < 0.001 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.89 ± 0.17 | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.028 |
| AKI stage, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 1 | 473 (66.4%) | 5593 (89.9%) | 6066 (87.5%) | 100 (40.5%) | 1234 (66.9%) | 1334 (63.8%) | ||
| 2 | 35 (4.9%) | 409 (6.6%) | 444 (6.4%) | 51 (20.6%) | 384 (20.8%) | 435 (20.8%) | ||
| 3 | 204 (28.7%) | 221 (3.6%) | 425 (6.1%) | 96 (38.9%) | 226 (12.3%) | 322 (15.4%) | ||
| SOFA at the time of sepsis onset, (mean±SD) | 5.08 ± 2.82 | 4.45 ± 2.36 | 4.52 ± 2.42 | < 0.001 | 4.82 ± 2.44 | 4.71 ± 2.45 | 4.73 ± 2.44 | 0.534 |
| VasopressorsB, n (%) | 250 (35.1%) | 3111 (50.0%) | 3361 (48.5%) | < 0.001 | 35 (14.2%) | 305 (16.5%) | 340 (16.3%) | 0.343 |
| Mechanical ventilationB, n (%) | 2796 (51.7%) | 315 (38.8%) | 3111 (50.0%) | < 0.001 | 197 (15.1%) | 108 (19.9%) | 305 (16.5%) | 0.012 |
| Nephrotoxic drugs administrationA, n (%) | 149 (20.9%) | 1402 (22.5%) | 1551 (22.4%) | 0.331 | 169 (68.4%) | 1282 (69.5%) | 1451 (69.4%) | 0.724 |
Abbreviation: AKI (acute kidney injury), SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment)
A:
Measurements from the last 48 hours prior to AKI onset
B:
Measurements from ICU admission to AKI onset