Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients Identified to Benefit from Restrictive Fluids: Development (MIMIC-IV) and External Validation (eICU) cohorts.
| Development cohort (MIMIC-IV) | External validation cohort (eICU) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrestricted fluid intake group (N=5,411) | Restricted fluid intake group (N=812) | Total (N=6,223) | p value | Unrestricted fluid intake group (N=1,302) | Restricted fluid intake group (N=542) | Total (N=1844) | p value | |
| Age, year, (mean±SD) | 66.55 ± 15.91 | 68.19 ± 16.44 | 66.77 ± 15.98 | 0.007 | 65.41 ± 15.02 | 67.72 ± 14.44 | 66.09 ± 14.88 | 0.002 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.872 | 0.03 | ||||||
| White | 3601 (66.5%) | 549 (67.6%) | 4150 (66.7%) | 1034 (79.4%) | 458 (84.5%) | 1492 (80.9%) | ||
| Black | 462 (8.5%) | 71 (8.7%) | 533 (8.6%) | 135 (10.4%) | 51 (9.4%) | 186 (10.1%) | ||
| Hispanic | 158 (2.9%) | 24 (3.0%) | 182 (2.9%) | 28 (2.2%) | 8 (1.5%) | 36 (2.0%) | ||
| Others | 1190 (22.0%) | 168 (20.7%) | 1358 (21.8%) | 105 (8.1%) | 25 (4.6%) | 130 (7.0%) | ||
| Gender - Male, n (%) | 3098 (57.3%) | 450 (55.4%) | 3548 (57.0%) | 0.325 | 755 (58.0%) | 299 (55.2%) | 1054 (57.2%) | 0.265 |
| Baseline creatinine, mg/dL, (mean±SD) | 1.15 ± 0.92 | 1.12 ± 1.03 | 1.15 ± 0.93 | 0.437 | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.87 ± 0.18 | 0.89 ± 0.17 | 0.002 |
| AKI stage, n (%) | 0.019 | 0.211 | ||||||
| 1 | 4841 (89.5%) | 752 (92.6%) | 5593 (89.9%) | 858 (65.9%) | 376 (69.4%) | 1234 (66.9%) | ||
| 2 | 368 (6.8%) | 41 (5.0%) | 409 (6.6%) | 274 (21.0%) | 110 (20.3%) | 384 (20.8%) | ||
| 3 | 202 (3.7%) | 19 (2.3%) | 221 (3.6%) | 170 (13.1%) | 56 (10.3%) | 226 (12.3%) | ||
| SOFA at the time of sepsis onset, (mean±SD) | 4.56 ± 2.41 | 3.76 ± 1.85 | 4.45 ± 2.36 | < 0.001 | 4.66 ± 2.41 | 4.85 ± 2.53 | 4.71 ± 2.45 | 0.119 |
| VasopressorsB, n (%) | 2796 (51.7%) | 315 (38.8%) | 3111 (50.0%) | < 0.001 | 197 (15.1%) | 108 (19.9%) | 305 (16.5%) | 0.012 |
| Mechanical ventilationB, n (%) | 2796 (51.7%) | 315 (38.8%) | 3111 (50.0%) | < 0.001 | 197 (15.1%) | 108 (19.9%) | 305 (16.5%) | 0.012 |
| Nephrotoxic drugs administrationA, n (%) | 149 (20.9%) | 1402 (22.5%) | 1551 (22.4%) | 0.331 | 169 (68.4%) | 1282 (69.5%) | 1451 (69.4%) | 0.724 |
Abbreviation: AKI (acute kidney injury), SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment)
A:
Measurements from the last 48 hours prior to AKI onset
B:
Measurements from ICU admission to AKI onset