Fig. 2. Deployment performance of the well pad detection pipeline assessed against reported well pad datasets.

a, b We examined the recall rates of the well pad detection pipeline assessed against the Enverus³⁵ and HIFLD Open Data¹⁶ well pad datasets for both active well pads in the reported data and against all well pads (active + inactive). Our methodology for classifying well pads as active/inactive relies mainly on leveraging the “Well Status” properties of the Enverus and HIFLD datasets (Supplementary Note 1).