TABLE 1.
Incidence of neurocognitive decline
| Study | N | Postoperative date | Incidence | Neuropsychological test battery | Definition of neurocognitive decline |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hernandez et al6 | 201 | 4 Days | 52%-62% | Trails Digit Span VIGIL Grooved Pegboard Rey-Osterrieth Controlled oral word association Hopkins verbal learning WRAT-3 |
20% or greater decline in at least 20% of tests |
| 6 Months | 44%-47% | Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test | |||
| Newman et al7 | 261 | At discharge | 53% | Short Story of Randt Memory Test Digit Span of WAIS-R Benton Revised Visual Retention |
Decline of 1 SD or more in any 1 of 4 domains |
| 6 Weeks | 36% | Test | |||
| 6 Months | 24% | Digit Symbol of WAIS-R | |||
| 5 Years | 42.4% | Trail Making Test | |||
| Ramlawi et al8 | 42 | 4 Days | 40.5% | Trail Making A and B Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Digit Span Boston Naming Test Semantic Fluency Phonemic Fluency Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Stroop |
Decline of 1 SD from baseline on 25% of tasks |
| Patel et al9 | 103 | 6-8 Weeks | 43%-50% | Trail Making Tests A and B Grooved Pegboard Wechsler Memory Scale WAIS |
Drop of z-score greater than 1 SD from baseline |
| Slater et al10 | 265 | Before discharge | 60% | MMSE Saccadic eye movement Trail Making Test A and B HVLT Trial 1-3, B-C Grooved Pegboard Stroop Color and Word |
Decline of 1 SD or more on 1 or more test |
| Colak et al11 | 181 | 7 Days | 40.3% | MMSE Color Trail Test 1 Grooved Pegboard Test |
MMSE decline 3 or more points. CTT1 or GP decline of 1 SD |
| Glumac et al12 | 161 | 6 Days | 29%* | MMSE Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Wechsler Memory Scale Symbol Digit Modalities Test PsychE |
Reliable change index equal or less than −1.96 or a Z-score equal or less than −1.96 on at least 1 test |
| Ottens et al13 | 291 | 1 Month | 7.2%* | Corsi Blocks Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Grooved Pegboard Trail Making Test A and B |
Reliable change index equal or less than −1.96 or a Z-score equal or less than −1.96 on at least 2 tests |
| 12 Months | 3.5%* | WAIS Digit Span | |||
| Grigore et al14 | 165 | 6 Weeks | 45% | Short Story module Randt Memory Test Digit Span WAIS Modified Visual Reproduction Test (Wechsler Memory Scale) Digit Symbol WAIS Trail Making Test A and B |
Decline of 1 SD in 1 of 4 factors |
| Phillips-Bute et al15 | 551 | 6 Week | 41% | Randt Memory Test Digit Span, WAIS-R domains Modified Visual Reproduction Test (Wechsler Memory Scale) Digit Symbol, WAIS-R |
Decline of 1 SD in 1 or more domains |
| 1 Years | 36.8% | Trail Making A&B | |||
| Relander et al16 | 100 | 1 Week | 71% | Rivermead Behavioral Memory test Auditory Verbal Learning Test Rey Visual Learning Test Digit Span Letter Cancellation Test Trail Making Test A and B Stroop Test Verbal Phonemic Fluency Verbal Categorical Fluency Finger Tapping, both hands Similarities, WAIS-R Block Design, WAIS-R |
Z-score less than −2 in 1 domain |
| 3 Months | 47% | MMSE |
VIGIL, Continuous performance test; WRAT-3, Wide Range Achievement Test III; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised; SD, standard deviation; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; CTT1, Color Trail Test 1; GP, Grooved Pegboard. *Control group from experiments that also had an intervention group.