Fig. 4.

Multi-state models for health transitions by socioeconomic status. (A) Numbers (percentages) of participants in transition from a physical condition to physical, psychological and cognitive multimorbidities. (B) Mean multimorbidity-free time of participants in transition from a physical condition to multimorbidities. (C) Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between socioeconomic status and five transitions from a physical condition to multimorbidities. SES, socioeconomic status; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. Socioeconomic status is a summed score (ranging 0–5) of educational level (0, 1, or 2) and total household wealth quartile (0, 1, 2, or 3), categorized into four groups: low (0), lower-middle (1–2), upper-middle (3–4) and high socioeconomic status (5). Models were adjusted for age, sex and study.