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. 2024 Jul 25;74:102739. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102739

Table 3.

Subdistribution hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between socioeconomic status and progression to psychological and cognitive multimorbidities in participants with a new-onset physical condition (n = 20,250).

sHR (95% CI)
Physical-psychological multimorbidity Physical-cognitive multimorbidity Physical-psychological-cognitive multimorbidity
Educational level
 Primary 1.32 (1.21–1.44) 2.37 (2.11–2.65) 3.17 (2.71–3.71)
 Secondary 1.16 (1.07–1.26) 1.60 (1.45–1.77) 1.70 (1.47–1.97)
 Tertiary 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (REF)
Per decreasing category 1.15 (1.10–1.20) 1.53 (1.45–1.62) 1.79 (1.66–1.94)
Total household wealth
 Quartile 1 (Lowest) 1.41 (1.29–1.55) 1.47 (1.32–1.65) 2.11 (1.80–2.48)
 Quartile 2 1.28 (1.17–1.40) 1.20 (1.07–1.34) 1.51 (1.28–1.78)
 Quartile 3 1.11 (1.01–1.22) 1.17 (1.04–1.31) 1.33 (1.12–1.57)
 Quartile 4 (Highest) 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (REF)
Per decreasing category 1.13 (1.09–1.16) 1.13 (1.09–1.17) 1.27 (1.21–1.33)
SES
 Low 2.04 (1.77–2.36) 3.24 (2.72–3.85) 6.58 (5.01–8.64)
 Lower-middle 1.70 (1.50–1.91) 2.22 (1.92–2.57) 3.79 (2.95–4.86)
 Upper-middle 1.43 (1.27–1.62) 1.53 (1.32–1.76) 2.05 (1.59–2.64)
 High 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (REF)
Per decreasing category 1.24 (1.19–1.29) 1.47 (1.40–1.54) 1.84 (1.72–1.97)

SES, socioeconomic status; sHR, subdistribution hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Socioeconomic status is a summed score (ranging 0–5) of educational level (0, 1, or 2) and total household wealth quartile (0, 1, 2, or 3), categorized into four groups: low (0), lower-middle (1–2), upper-middle (3–4) and high socioeconomic status (5).

Models were adjusted for age, sex, and study.