. 2024 Jul 15;23:101655. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101655

Table 3.

Volatile compound contents (μg/kg) of the dry sausages coinoculated with different autochthonous starter cultures after a nine-day ripening.

Number	Volatile compound	CAS number	Control	LP	LP + SC	LP + PK	LP + SC + PK
Aldehyde
V1	Hexanal	66–25-1	57.18 ± 0.72^b	60.23 ± 0.45^b	64.04 ± 2.23^a	38.97 ± 0.42^c	40.23 ± 0.89^c
V2	Benzene acetaldehyde	122–78-1	4.94 ± 0.55	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
V3	Nonanal	124–19-6	19.54 ± 0.37^b	25.14 ± 0.27^a	21.68 ± 0.99^ab	17.13 ± 0.14^b	26.22 ± 0.63^a
V4	Trans-2-octenal	2548-87-0	n.d.	n.d.	8.23 ± 0.39^a	n.d.	5.98 ± 0.32^b
V5	Furfural	98–01-1	n.d.	n.d.	1.55 ± 0.94	n.d.	n.d.
V6	3-Furfural	498–60-2	16.61 ± 0.71^a	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
	Total		103.31 ± 7.13^a	85.37 ± 6.80^c	95.50 ± 7.87^b	56.10 ± 5.81^e	72.43 ± 7.35^d

Ketone
V7	2-Nonanone	821–55-6	n.d.	n.d.	5.08 ± 0.14^b	5.73 ± 0.13^ab	6.10 ± 0.20^a
V8	3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	513–86-0	30.82 ± 0.92^b	45.88 ± 0.99^a	33.64 ± 0.74^b	n.d.	47.17 ± 0.38^a
V9	2,5-Octanedione	3214-41-3	n.d.	1.97 ± 0.78	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
V10	Fenchone	4695-62-9	95.92 ± 5.76^a	96.10 ± 6.43^a	86.60 ± 8.65^b	75.68 ± 6.05^c	93.76 ± 9.75^a
	Total		135.94 ± 12.86^c	154.26 ± 14.61^b	133.06 ± 12.01^c	85.62 ± 5.96^d	162.79 ± 22.28^a

Alcohol
V11	Ethanol	64–17-5	245.58 ± 18.66^e	355.36 ± 13.95^c	337.20 ± 21.36^d	428.67 ± 11.23^a	362.29 ± 6.71^b
V12	2-Heptanol	543–49-7	n.d.	3.26 ± 0.25^a	n.d.	n.d.	3.05 ± 0.59^a
V13	n-Pentanol	71–41-0	n.d.	n.d.	4.09 ± 0.39^a	n.d.	4.42 ± 0.19^a
V14	Isopentenol	15,575–04-9	n.d.	2.87 ± 0.54	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
V15	1-Octen-3-ol	3391-86-4	10.61 ± 0.41^ab	9.31 ± 0.19^b	9.17 ± 1.71^b	11.38 ± 0.54^a	10.23 ± 0.46^ab
V16	Benzyl alcohol	3391-86-4	1.64 ± 0.05^d	3.32 ± 0.06^c	5.50 ± 0.26^b	9.07 ± 0.53^a	3.06 ± 0.09^c
V17	Phenylethanol	1321-27-3	8.11 ± 0.52^b	16.92 ± 0.75^a	9.20 ± 1.24^b	5.83 ± 0.34^c	8.94 ± 1.23^b
V18	Dodecanol	27,342–88-7	10.09 ± 1.06^b	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	13.13 ± 0.35^a
V19	Lauryl alcohol	112–53-8	5.99 ± 0.42^b	15.30 ± 1.04^a	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
V20	Terpine-4-ol	10,482–56-1	63.26 ± 2.65^a	61.34 ± 1.03^a	42.71 ± 2.89^c	46.54 ± 1.83^b	62.34 ± 2.88^a
V21	Linalool	78–70-6	50.66 ± 1.05^b	58.95 ± 0.54^a	46.47 ± 0.75^c	44.86 ± 1.13^c	61.87 ± 0.76^a
V22	α-Terpineol	20,126–76-	28.58 ± 1.42^c	31.51 ± 0.12^b	23.26 ± 0.57^e	25.80 ± 0.86^d	38.66 ± 1.98^a
V23	Geraniol	106–24-1	7.01 ± 0.42^a	4.03 ± 0.24^b	n.d.	n.d.	5.28 ± 0.31^b
V24	2-Ethylhexanol	104–76-7	n.d.	5.31 ± 0.20^b	8.58 ± 1.09^a	n.d.	n.d.
	Total		421.65 ± 13.98^e	586.46 ± 18.98^b	475.05 ± 15.74^d	567.63 ± 11.39^c	603.46 ± 22.73^a

Acid
V25	Acetic acid	64–19-7	37.17 ± 0.94^d	113.36 ± 0.68^a	68.51 ± 0.99^c	75.60 ± 0.68^b	74.00 ± 0.40^b
V26	Butyric acid	107–92-6	12.72 ± 0.93^d	28.75 ± 1.10^a	23.08 ± 1.38^b	19.66 ± 1.27^c	25.07 ± 0.93^ab
V27	Isovaleric acid	503–74-2	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	5.39 ± 0.82^a	6.00 ± 0.68^a
V28	Heptanic acid	111–14-8	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	4.40 ± 0.48	n.d.
V29	Octanoic acid	124–07-2	6.59 ± 0.63^c	9.36 ± 1.11^b	5.58 ± 0.45^d	7.40 ± 0.60^c	21.64 ± 1.37^a
V30	Decanoic acid	334–48-5	5.38 ± 0.94^b	n.d.	4.09 ± 0.08^c	4.55 ± 0.25^c	6.11 ± 0.36^a
V31	Nonanoic acid	112–05-0	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	22.31 ± 1.26
	Total		69.40 ± 10.66^e	160.89 ± 13.32^b	113.59 ± 17.44^d	122.52 ± 7.81^c	176.26 ± 29.88^a

Esters
V32	Ethyl acetate	141–78-6	81.51 ± 4.45^e	151.82 ± 6.04^d	267.38 ± 7.75^b	320.71 ± 13.61^a	223.27 ± 9.17^c
V33	Ethyl butyrate	105–54-4	36.87 ± 1.40^c	63.51 ± 0.40^b	64.68 ± 1.23^b	73.56 ± 1.48^a	61.38 ± 0.82^b
V34	Propyl butyrate	105–66-8	n.d.	8.90 ± 0.23^a	n.d.	8.51 ± 0.82^a	n.d.
V35	Ethyl valerate	123–66-0	n.d.	5.08 ± 0.26	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
V36	Ethyl caproate	539–82-2	210.65 ± 8.01^e	303.21 ± 11.03^d	333.04 ± 6.72^b	384.52 ± 9.20^a	313.52 ± 4.93^c
V37	Ethyl octanoate	106–32-1	19.06 ± 1.81^b	23.16 ± 0.36^a	23.52 ± 1.28^a	20.36 ± 0.68^b	16.07 ± 0.89^c
V38	Ethyl caprate	110–38-3	7.82 ± 1.29^c	15.13 ± 0.25^a	13.96 ± 0.67^b	8.11 ± 0.74^c	7.09 ± 0.95^d
V39	Methyl lactate	547–64-8	3.10 ± 0.28^bc	4.36 ± 0.25^b	6.54 ± 0.25^a	n.d.	2.80 ± 0.37^c
V40	Ethyl lactate	97–64-3	16.02 ± 2.35^e	84.60 ± 4.33^a	35.73 ± 4.77^c	45.73 ± 3.77^b	25.60 ± 1.06^d
V41	Geranyl acetate	105–87-3	11.62 ± 1.82^b	22.21 ± 1.57^a	13.52 ± 1.42^b	16.66 ± 1.34^ab	21.70 ± 2.36^a
V42	Borneol acetate	76–49-3	107.49 ± 16.88^b	166.45 ± 6.13^ab	123.45 ± 4.63^bc	141.35 ± 5.74^b	196.67 ± 7.01^a
	Total		542.45 ± 18.32^d	829.45 ± 24.84^c	861.93 ± 27.89^b	996.70 ± 22.25^a	848.68 ± 27.64^bc

Terpene
V43	Laurene	123–35-3	56.26 ± 6.45^d	68.34 ± 5.67^b	62.06 ± 6.53^c	43.78 ± 3.49^e	74.90 ± 6.88^a
V44	Limonene	5989-27-5	760.54 ± 36.46^d	1022.41 ± 20.6^b	974.22 ± 35.75^c	788.17 ± 29.53^d	1178.71 ± 28.85^a
V45	γ-Terpinene	99–85-4	89.98 ± 14.02^b	132.41 ± 8.78^a	77.16 ± 13.38^bc	55.16 ± 9.55^d	70.02 ± 12.12^c
V46	P-Isopropyl toluene	99–87-6	37.60 ± 4.96^bc	39.81 ± 2.45^b	39.19 ± 4.02^b	44.01 ± 4.52^a	33.33 ± 3.42^c
V47	Piperenone	57,625–31-7	n.d.	9.15 ± 1.18^a	n.d.	8.38 ± 1.66^b	9.13 ± 1.80^a
V48	Anisene	4180-23-8	100.61 ± 11.49^e	135.25 ± 7.27^a	106.52 ± 9.56^d	117.64 ± 10.56^c	120.76 ± 10.84^b
V49	(Z)-β-Ocimene	13,877–91-31	n.d.	1.81 ± 0.25^a	n.d.	n.d.	1.56 ± 0.33^a
V50	β-Caryophyllene	87–44-5	148.71 ± 18.91^b	155.04 ± 12.18^a	115.68 ± 14.71^e	133.18 ± 16.93^d	137.78 ± 17.52^c
V51	Gingerene	495–60-3	n.d.	9.04 ± 1.14^a	9.52 ± 1.20^a	n.d.	9.36 ± 1.18^a
V52	Isospeakene	95,910–36-4	24.89 ± 3.88^a	23.5 ± 2.31^a	19.55 ± 3.05^b	23.73 ± 3.70^a	23.21 ± 3.62^a
V53	α-Curcumene	4176-17-4	20.21 ± 1.98^a	12.99 ± 1.27^c	15.23 ± 1.49^bc	18.03 ± 1.77^b	20.04 ± 1.96^a
V54	α-Pinene	80–56-8	2.89 ± 0.25^c	5.76 ± 0.49^a	3.96 ± 0.34^b	4.17 ± 0.35^b	n.d.
V55	β-Pinene	2437-95-8	3.58 ± 0.42^b	5.01 ± 0.58^a	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
V56	Styrene	69,011–19-4	7.66 ± 0.63^a	5.52 ± 0.21^b	n.d.	4.26 ± 0.28^b	4.46 ± 0.29^b
V57	2-Carene	4497-92-1	13.89 ± 1.78^b	7.96 ± 1.02^d	34.71 ± 4.44^a	7.38 ± 0.95d	10.20 ± 1.31^c
V58	3-Carene	13,466–78-9	4.37 ± 0.15^a	2.22 ± 0.08^c	n.d.	3.35 ± 0.11^b	4.27 ± 0.14^a
V59	4-Carene	29,050–33-7	24.85 ± 5.34^a	21.84 ± 3.49^b	13.55 ± 2.17^d	19.64 ± 3.14^c	25.63 ± 4.09^a
V60	α-Cubebene	17,699–14-8	6.10 ± 1.06^a	3.79 ± 0.66^c	4.24 ± 0.74^ab	4.46 ± 0.77^ab	5.47 ± 0.95^a
V61	α-Humulene	6753-98-6	n.d.	11.71 ± 1.30^a	19.51 ± 2.35^b	n.d.	n.d.
V62	Sabinene	3387-41-5	n.d.	8.66 ± 1.47	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
	Total		1405.12 ± 113.08^c	1800.10 ± 44.88^a	1529.31 ± 44.69^b	1298.43 ± 28.98^d	1786.77 ± 57.33^a

Others
V63	Safrole	120–58-1	16.03 ± 0.94^a	10.20 ± 0.36^b	n.d.	n.d.	9.79 ± 7.70^b
V64	Eugenol	97–53-0	n.d.	1.40 ± 0.08^b	2.72 ± 0.16^a	2.60 ± 0.15^a	2.29 ± 0.14^ab
V65	n-Heptadecane	629–78-7	28.10 ± 3.57^b	49.52 ± 2.30^a	30.63 ± 3.89^b	22.79 ± 2.89^c	28.09 ± 3.57^b
V66	Nutmeg ether	607–91-0	17.53 ± 1.75^a	13.03 ± 1.66^b	9.05 ± 1.15^c	12.30 ± 1.56^d	16.06 ± 2.04^a
	Total		66.38 ± 6.67^b	76.12 ± 2.78^a	43.64 ± 1.76^d	40.99 ± 4.67^d	60.03 ± 5.80^c

n.d.: not detected.

a-e Means within the same row with different lowercase letters differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Control: noninoculation; LP: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S8; LP + SC: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S8 + Staphylococcus carnosus L8; LP + PK: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S8 + Staphylococcus carnosus L8; LP + SC + PK: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S8 + Staphylococcus carnosus L8 + Pichia kudriavzevii M6.