Table 3.
Unadjusted outcomes of acute heart failure and COVID-19 stratified by race, ethnicity and sex.
| Variable n (%) | White Race |
Black Race |
Hispanic Ethnicity |
Between Races p-valuea | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 55,085 [54.4 %]) | Female (n = 46,225 [45.6 %]) | p-value | Male (n = 18,125 [49.0 %]) | Female (n = 18,850 [51.0 %]) | p-value | Male (n = 11,660 [57.6 %]) | Female (n = 8585 [42.4 %]) | p-value | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | ||||||||||
| In-hospital Mortality | 23.1 % | 20.8 % | <0.01 | 19.9 % | 19.0 % | 0.03 | 25.0 % | 24.1 % | 0.11 | <0.01 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 5.7 % | 4.0 % | <0.01 | 5.0 % | 3.8 % | <0.01 | 8.6 % | 7.5 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 2.1 % | 1.3 % | <0.01 | 3.1 % | 2.1 % | <0.01 | 4.2 % | 3.3 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Cardiac arrest | 3.4 % | 2.6 % | <0.01 | 5.6 % | 5.3 % | 0.17 | 5.9 % | 7.2 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Bleeding | 3.8 % | 3.8 % | 0.74 | 4.3 % | 3.5 % | <0.01 | 4.2 % | 4.5 % | 0.26 | <0.01 |
| Stroke | 2.4 % | 1.8 % | <0.01 | 3.1 % | 2.7 % | 0.02 | 3.5 % | 2.7 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| AKI | 46.9 % | 39.4 % | <0.01 | 52.5 % | 48.6 % | <0.01 | 45.8 % | 44.6 % | 0.08 | <0.01 |
| Palliative care consult | 16.8 % | 17.6 % | <0.01 | 10.0 % | 12.1 % | <0.01 | 12.5 % | 14.2 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Procedural Outcomes | ||||||||||
| PCI | 0.6 % | 0.4 % | <0.01 | 0.2 % | 0.2 % | 0.64 | 0.6 % | 0.8 % | 0.33 | <0.01 |
| CABG | 0.1 % | 0.0 % | <0.01 | 0.1 % | 0.0 % | <0.01 | 0.3 % | 0.1 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Circulatory support | 0.4 % | 0.2 % | <0.01 | 0.3 % | 0.2 % | <0.01 | 0.7 % | 0.5 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| ECMO | 0.1 % | NR | <0.01 | 0.2 % | 0.3 % | 0.07 | 0.4 % | 0.2 % | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| Vasopressors | 3.7 % | 2.9 % | <0.01 | 5.6 % | 5.5 % | 0.73 | 6.3 % | 6.0 % | 0.44 | <0.01 |
| Need for dialysis | 4.3 % | 3.7 % | <0.01 | 13.2 % | 12.3 % | <0.01 | 14.7 % | 12.8 % | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Need for ventilator | 12.2 % | 10.9 % | <0.01 | 11.5 % | 11.3 % | 0.54 | 11.4 % | 12.2 % | 0.08 | 0.36 |
| Resource Utilization- All Cases | ||||||||||
| Length of stay | 7 [4–12] | 7 [4–11] | 0.03 | 7 [4–14] | 7 [4–14] | 0.19 | 7 [4–15] | 7 [4–13] | 0.15 | 0.18 |
| Total charges | 56,670 [30,431–112,619] | 53,135 [29,372–99,518] | <0.01 | 62,923 [32,418–135,262] | 60,727 [32,384–125,187] | 0.36 | 90,413 [42,435–200,725] | 84,218 [41,686–180,818] | 0.12 | <0.01 |
| Resource Utilization- Surviving Cases | 42,385 (53.6 %) | 36,630 (46.4) | p-value | 14,510 (48.7) | 15,260 (51.3) | p-value | 8740 (57.3) | 6520 (42.7) | p-value | Between Races p-valuea |
| Length of stay | 6 [4–11] | 6 [4–11] | 0.67 | 6 [4–12] | 7 [4–12] | 0.04 | 6 [3–13] | 7 [4–12] | 0.18 | <0.01 |
| Total charges | 50,720 [28,359–94,365] | 48,846 [28,071–85,643] | <0.01 | 53,838 [29,182–108,489] | 53,984 [29,847–103,620] | 0.86 | 68,976 [35,456–141,551] | 68,358 [37,702–137,444] | 0.74 | <0.01 |
AKI: Acute kidney injury; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Bleeding: defined as GI bleeding, bleeding during a procedure, and need for blood transfusion.
Circulatory support includes intra-aortic balloon pump, mechanical cardiac support and percutaneous ventricular assist device.
NR: not reported percentages for cell count <11 as per HCUP requirements.
a
Race p-value is the p-value for chi square for categorical variable comparison.