Table 3.
Factor loadings for parental strategies scale*
| Item No. | Item | Factor 1 Uncommon positive methods |
Factor 2 Negative methods |
Factor 3 Routine positive methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2. | Had a routine before bedtime for your child that included tooth brushing | 0.397 | ||
| 3. | Used an alarm or a reminder to help you remember to brush your child’s teeth | 0.791 | ||
| 4. | Had rules for tooth brushing, so your child knows what is expected of them | 0.639 | ||
| 5. | Gave your child a choice of which toothbrushes or tooth paste you buy, e.g., favourite colour | 0.340 | ||
| 6. | Used a reward/sticker chart to encourage your child with tooth brushing | 0.823 | ||
| 12. | Made tooth brushing playful, e.g., by singing songs | 0.544 | ||
| 13. | Read books about tooth brushing with your child | 0.825 | ||
| 14. | Used apps/games/videos to help your child get interested in tooth brushing | 0.730 | ||
| 15. | Used a two-minute timer (e.g. sand timer, phone, or in-built toothbrush timer) to make sure that your child’s teeth were brushed for 2 min | 0.804 | ||
| 19. | Used a logical consequence when a problem behaviour occurred (e.g., missing out on TV/ playtime for running away during tooth brushing) | 0.411 | ||
| 26. | Used visual aids to demonstrate proper tooth brushing | 0.456 | ||
| 20. | Used time-out when a problem behaviour occurred with your child during tooth brushing | 0.595 | ||
| 21. | Coaxed and pleaded with your child to brush their teeth | 0.686 | ||
| 22. | Used physical punishment (e.g. smacking/pinching) if your child didn’t cooperate with tooth brushing | 0.800 | ||
| 23. | Forcibly restrained your child in order to get their teeth brushed (e.g., held their arms down so they couldn’t push the brush away) | 0.880 | ||
| 24. | Scolded or yelled if your child didn’t cooperate with tooth brushing | 0.867 | ||
| 25. | Threatened your child with consequences for not co-operating while brushing | 0.775 | ||
| 27. | Skipped or shortened tooth brushing when your child resisted | 0.716 | ||
| 1. | Had a morning routine for your child that included tooth brushing | 0.635 | ||
| 7. | Explained to your child the importance of brushing teeth properly, e.g. healthy teeth and gums | 0.835 | ||
| 8. | Gave your child a clear instruction to come for tooth brushing | 0.930 | ||
| 10. | Stayed with your child while they brushed their teeth | 0.524 | ||
| 11. | Took turns with your child to brush their teeth | 0.356 | ||
| 16. | Brushed your own teeth to show your child how to brush well | 0.407 | ||
| 17. | Praised your child when they brushed their teeth well | 0.655 | ||
| 18. | Persisted with tooth brushing when your child resisted | 0.411 | ||
| Eigenvalue | 5.033 | 4.964 | 4.322 | |
| Proportion of variance (%) | 19 | 18 | 16 | |
| Cronbach Alpha | 0.962- | 0.965 | 0.966 |
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was 0.70, Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (p-value < 0.001)
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) extraction with Promax rotation was applied
*The scale is adapted from [13]