Effect of long-term high-fat diet feeding on G6PD activity and metabolomic reprogramming in the aorta of wild-type and G6PDS188Frats.A, G6PD activity decreased in the aorta of G6PDS188F rats as compared to wild-type (WT) rats fed with normal chow (NC) and high-fat diet (HFD). B and C, PCA plot and sample correlation heat map demonstrating differential metabolism in the liver of WT and G6PDS188F fed with NC and HFD. D, IPA core analysis showing differential changes in canonical pathway function. EandF, venn diagram shows up (17) or down (16) regulated common metabolites in visceral adipose tissue, liver, and aorta, of HFD-fed rats. N = 5 in each group. Two-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used to compare multiple groups. ∗∗p < 0.01.