FIGURE 4.

ROS‐induced cell death mechanism. ROS induced oxidative stress may further cause cell damage, even cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed cell death. By Figdraw. APAF‐1, apoptosis protease activating factor 1; Cyt c, cytochrome c; FADD, Fas‐associating protein with a novel death domain; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase like domain; NF‐κB, nuclear factor‐kappa B; RARP, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α; TRADD, TNFR‐related death domain.