TABLE 1.
Summary of advances in H2S donors and smart delivery systems in preclinical studies.
| Therapeutic potential | H2S donors/polymeric carriers | Experimental models | Proposed mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myocardial protection | NaHS | Neonatal cardiomyocytes IR model(rat) | Decrease of ROS level via downregulation of NF‐κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways | 188 |
| NaHS | Infarction model(mice) | Upregulation of Bcl‐2, demoted expression of Bax, IL‐1β, and Caspase 3 | 191 | |
| NaHS | Myocardial I/R model(mice) | Antioxidant and antiapoptotic | 190 | |
| NaHS | Neonatal cardiomyocytes IR model(rat) | Inhibition of autophagy through regulation of the PI3K/SGK1/GSK3β signaling pathway | 193, 194 | |
| NaHS | Myocardial I/R model(mice) | Mitochondrial KATP channel opening | 329 | |
| GYY4137 | SICM model(mice) | Inhibition of inflammatory response and reduction of ROS generation via NLRP3 pathway | 274 | |
| STS | Myocardial I/R model(rat) | Antioxidant and antiapoptotic | 290 | |
| DATS‐MSN | Myocardial I/R model and cardiomyocytes(rat) | Antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic | 189 | |
| AP39 | Heart transplant model(mice) | Blocked prolonged cold IRI and reduced tissue damage and fibrosis | 169 | |
| ADT micelle | Ischemic cardiomyocytes(mice) | Antiapoptotic | 316 | |
| DATS@MION–PEG–LF | Hypoxia/reoxygenation model and CA/CPR model(mice) | Antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic | 317 | |
| Antiatherogenic | NaHS | Apolipoprotein‐E K.O. model (mice) | Inhibition of ICAM‐1 and TNF‐α signaling pathway | 330, 331 |
| APA/SATO | HUVEC | Improved cell proliferation and migration | 332, 333 | |
| Relief of pulmonary arterial | ACS14 MSs | PAH model(rat), HPAEC | Suppressed NF‐κB–Snail pathway | 334 |
| Relief of ND | GYY4137 | 3xTg‐AD mice | Prevented hyperphosphorylation of Tau by sulfhydrating GSK3β | 206 |
| NaHS | PD mice | Increased SIRT1 expression and sulfhydration | 210 | |
| Relief of ischemic stroke | NaHS | Cerebral I/R model(rat) | Improved SOD activity, removed oxygen free radicals, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and downregulated the expression of HSP70 | 219 |
| Relief of NAFLD | GYY4137 | NAFLD model(mice) | Inhibition of hepatic ER stress through the SIRT1/FoxO1/PCSK9 pathway | 335 |
| Relief of IBD | Lawesson's reagent and SASP | Colitis model(rat) | Inhibition of NETs formation to exert anti‐inflammatory effects | 235 |
| CAP‐w‐FC | Colitis model(rat) | Anti‐inflammatory | 319 | |
| Anticancer | NaHS | A549 cell | Regulation of the TGF‐β1/Smad2/Smad3 pathway inhibits EMT protein and migratory capacity | 264 |
| GYY4137 | Colon cancer cell | Downregulation of CD44 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and metastasis | 280 | |
| GYY4137 | Subcutaneous HepG2 xenograft model(mice) | Blocked STAT3 pathway | 281 | |
| mPEG‐SSS‐cholesteryl (T) | Coculture model of fibroblasts and breast cancer cells | Reduced ROS levels | 325 | |
| SATO‐functionalized micelle | Colon cancer cell | Targeted cell toxicity | 310 | |
| MnS@BSA | 4T1 cell, xenograft model(mice) | Inhibition of tumor growth | 324 | |
| FeS@BSA | Huh7 cell, xenograft model(mice) | Inhibition of tumor growth | 328 |