Table 2.
Online teaching challenges across countries (N = 941)
| Challenges | Mean ± Standard Deviations | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jordan | Iraq | Lebanon | Palestine | Oman | KSA | UAE | Egypt | |
| Academic challenges | ||||||||
| Lack of interaction with staff | 3.05 ± 1.24 | 3.43 ± 1.21 | 3.16 ± 1.01 | 3.51 ± 1.01 | 3.24 ± 1.05 | 3.23 ± 1.26 | 3.05 ± 1.4 | 3.14 ± 1.09 |
| Lack of time for online exams/ assignments | 3.30 ± 1.29 | 3.35 ± 1.21 | 2.74 ± 1.00 | 3.77 ± 1.08 | 3.85 ± 1.07 | 3.29 ± 1.30 | 3.64 ± 1.05 | 3.06 ± 1.33 |
| Inaccessibility of course materials | 2.52 ± 1.2 | 3.14 ± 1.26 | 2.58 ± 0.95 | 2.94 ± 1.12 | 2.60 ± 1.08 | 2.29 ± 1.18 | 2.32 ± 1.17 | 2.66 ± 1.19 |
| Total academic | 2.95 ± 0.95 | 3.31 ± .929 | 2.83 ± 0.78 | 3.41 ± 0.80 | 3.23 ± 0.76 | 2.94 ± 0.85 | 3 ± 0.96 | 2.95 ± 0.98 |
| Technological challenges | ||||||||
| Lack of required technology/software | 2.90 ± 1.20 | 3.38 ± 1.24 | 3.27 ± 1.13 | 3.12 ± 1.19 | 2.76 ± 1.05 | 2.42 ± 1.25 | 2.05 ± 1.13 | 2.83 ± 1.29 |
| Lack of technical support | 3.16 ± 1.17 | 3.43 ± 1.16 | 2.97 ± 0.97 | 3.42 ± 1.12 | 3.28 ± 1.08 | 3.14 ± 1.2 | 2.36 ± 1.18 | 2.86 ± 1.22 |
| Inaccessibility of audio/video materials | 2.61 ± 1.14 | 2.82 ± 1.15 | 2.56 ± 0.90 | 2.90 ± 1.21 | 2.41 ± 1.02 | 2.13 ± 1.11 | 2.00 ± 1.02 | 2.54 ± 1.15 |
| Lack of training courses | 3.51 ± 1.16 | 3.44 ± 1.21 | 2.89 ± 0.99 | 3.69 ± 1.05 | 3.33 ± 0.92 | 3.11 ± 1.25 | 2.73 ± 1.24 | 2.86 ± 1.24 |
| Complexity of e-learning software | 2.41 ± 1.03 | 2.86 ± 1.16 | 2.60 ± 0.8 | 2.80 ± 1.06 | 2.44 ± 1.0 | 2.19 ± 1.08 | 1.82 ± 0.85 | 2.63 ± 0.97 |
| Total technological | 2.92 ± 0.83 | 3.19 ± 0.85 | 2.86 ± 0.74 | 3.19 ± 0.81 | 2.84 ± 0.67 | 2.6 ± 0.78 | 2.19 ± 0.86 | 2.74 ± 0.91 |
| Administrative challenges | ||||||||
| Internet access problems | 3.16 ± 1.19 | 3.72 ± 1.17 | 3.84 ± 0.76 | 3.63 ± 1.02 | 3.34 ± 1.04 | 2.37 ± 1.13 | 2.09 ± 1.19 | 3.37 ± 1.11 |
| Negative comments about e-learning | 3.32 ± 1.20 | 3.56 ± 1.14 | 3.73 ± 0.69 | 4.10 ± 0.79 | 3.15 ± 1.02 | 2.92 ± 1.25 | 3.14 ± 1.39 | 2.86 ± 1.19 |
| Inadequate ICT infrastructure | 3.34 ± 1.19 | 3.57 ± 1.05 | 3.76 ± 0.84 | 3.75 ± 1.06 | 3.33 ± 0.96 | 2.71 ± 1.17 | 2.00 ± 1.02 | 3.49 ± 1.09 |
| Total Administrative | 3.27 ± 0.99 | 3.61 ± 0.91 | 3.78 ± 0.59 | 3.83 ± 0.74 | 3.27 ± 0.75 | 2.67 ± 0.87 | 2.41 ± 0.93 | 3.24 ± 0.96 |
| Overall score | 3.03 ± 0.78 | 3.34 ± 0.73 | 3.10 ± 0.59 | 3.42 ± 0.67 | 3.07 ± 0.60 | 2.71 ± 0.66 | 2.47 ± 0.69 | 2.94 ± 0.73 |
KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, UAE United Arab Emirates, ICT Information and Communications Technology