Table 4.
Variance analysis of online overall challenge score across demographics (N = 941)
| Overall challenge score | Mean Rank | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jordan | Iraq | Lebanon | Palestine | Oman | KSA | UAE | Egypt | |
| Gender b | ||||||||
| Male | 15,800.00 | 4589.00 | 863.50 | 966.00 | 922.50 | 1845.00 | 41.50 | 236.00 |
| Female | 42,511.00 | 16,526.00 | 3507.50 | 2604.00 | 2480.50 | 1315.00 | 211.50 | 394.00 |
| P value | 0.077 | 0.038 | 0.007 | 0.908 | 0.317 | 0.244 | 0.701 | 0.176 |
| Marital status a | ||||||||
| Single | 184.36 | 104.48 | 45.88 | 40.21 | 42.31 | 40.26 | 11.05 | 19.04 |
| Married | 125.76 | 94.11 | 72.00 | 53.87 | 39.07 | 36.33 | 14.33 | 16.31 |
| Divorced/Widowed | 147.00 | 66.50 | - | 34.00 | 21.50 | 43.50 | - | 4.50 |
| P value | < 0.001 | 0.505 | 0.058 | 0.128 | 0.628 | 0.911 | 0.415 | 0.328 |
| Nb of family members a | ||||||||
| < 5 members | 158.41 | 104.93 | 47.71 | 44.80 | 34.88 | 45.53 | 13.75 | 16.97 |
| 5 to 9 members | 174.53 | 101.61 | 46.20 | 41.51 | 41.46 | 39.99 | 10.63 | 18.56 |
| 10 or more members | 171.50 | 106.14 | - | 42.75 | 44.32 | 27.78 | 12.83 | 27.50 |
| P value | 0.482 | 0.895 | 0.787 | 0.877 | 0.486 | 0.155 | 0.645 | 0.578 |
| Family income a | ||||||||
| < 500 USD | 172.35 | 106.05 | 50.44 | 51.29 | 39.25 | 44.10 | 18.00 | 19.19 |
| 500–999 USD | 165.30 | 101.37 | 28.67 | 37.73 | 48.88 | 42.76 | 8.17 | 11.70 |
| 1000–1499 USD | 185.83 | 92.64 | 21.25 | 42.80 | 35.85 | 38.44 | 10.25 | - |
| 1500 USD or more | 210.56 | 91.90 | - | 23.90 | 36.54 | 38.24 | 11.30 | 15.00 |
| P value | 0.530 | 0.838 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.192 | 0.837 | 0.256 | 0.304 |
| Region a | ||||||||
| Northern | 174.38 | 109.72 | 78.25 | 48.77 | 42.88 | 49.09 | 11.56 | 18.13 |
| Central | 162.38 | 89.02 | 43.39 | 37.36 | 41.08 | 37.39 | 12.08 | 18.11 |
| Southern | 201.95 | 101.49 | 47.97 | 44.60 | 41.64 | 42.22 | 3.50 | 17.42 |
| P value | 0.342 | 0.308 | 0.187 | 0.256 | 0.963 | 0.279 | 0.443 | 0.988 |
| Living place a | ||||||||
| With family | 167.07 | 102.05 | 47.00 | 42.54 | 41.57 | 42.58 | 10.73 | 17.36 |
| University dormitory | 293.83 | 97.15 | - | - | 39.09 | 19.17 | - | 28.50 |
| With colleagues/friends | 261.30 | 170.17 | - | 39.00 | 48.50 | 9.00 | 21.00 | 17.50 |
| Alone | 98.88 | 115.50 | - | 44.25 | 42.25 | 31.50 | 17.50 | - |
| P value | < 0.001 | 0.240 | - | 0.974 | 0.700 | 0.094 | 0.193 | 0.326 |
| Study program a | ||||||||
| Bachelor | 196.63 | 102.47 | 40.85 | 43.89 | 43.76 | 39.79 | 11.05 | 18.27 |
| Bridging (Diploma to Bachelor) | 143.14 | 106.08 | 88.50 | 28.94 | 32.85 | 43.88 | 21.00 | 12.25 |
| Diploma | 279.00 | - | 51.77 | 44.63 | - | - | - | 33.00 |
| P value | < 0.001 | 0.758 | 0.046 | 0.253 | 0.092 | 0.728 | 0.133 | 0.179 |
| Study year a | ||||||||
| 1st year | 172.24 | 112.90 | 43.15 | 31.05 | 36.50 | 33.67 | - | 17.14 |
| 2nd year | 192.42 | 101.29 | 45.98 | 53.29 | 36.75 | 28.19 | 10.71 | 17.88 |
| 3rd year | 164.76 | 86.79 | 48.92 | 43.36 | 37.41 | 44.60 | 13.81 | 30.00 |
| 4th year | 167.76 | 116.99 | 57.63 | 41.51 | 45.15 | 43.30 | 9.64 | 17.89 |
| P value | 0.442 | 0.104 | 0.793 | 0.198 | 0.524 | 0.078 | 0.428 | 0.691 |
| University b | ||||||||
| Governmental | 24,331.50 | 21,023.50 | 2779.00 | 1473.00 | 3403.00 | 1939.00 | 212.00 | 488.00 |
| Private | 33,638.50 | 91.50 | 1407.00 | 1930.00 | - | 1221.00 | 41.00 | 107.00 |
| P value | < 0.001 | 0.170 | 0.001 | 0.333 | - | 0.534 | 0.670 | 0.928 |
| Available internet a | ||||||||
| Not available | 270.71 | 126.25 | 70.00 | 52.93 | 7.50 | - | - | 17.17 |
| Mobile data | 158.46 | 103.28 | 62.77 | 48.17 | 43.25 | 42.66 | 21.00 | 21.78 |
| Internet router | 165.40 | 101.67 | 44.36 | 40.44 | 39.60 | 36.47 | 10.82 | 16.63 |
| Two sources | 196.12 | 104.81 | 36.46 | 29.50 | 48.83 | 41.50 | 12.00 | 17.17 |
| P value | 0.002 | 0.725 | 0.001 | 0.190 | 0.245 | 0.554 | 0.307 | 0.435 |
| Available devices a | ||||||||
| No available devices | - | |||||||
| Mobile phone | 163.05 | 102.55 | 58.05 | 51.71 | 47.00 | 47.80 | 13.00 | 18.21 |
| Desktop computer | 145.56 | 84.58 | 47.00 | 40.50 | 10.50 | 61.83 | - | 26.00 |
| Laptop | 103.13 | 133.50 | - | 64.75 | 7.50 | 19.50 | - | 22.00 |
| Tablet | 211.17 | 81.50 | 60.63 | 31.83 | 33.75 | 27.00 | 17.50 | - |
| More than one device | 188.92 | 109.12 | 35.72 | 30.60 | 43.12 | 38.28 | 10.92 | 14.96 |
| P value | 0.094 | 0.862 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.093 | 0.251 | 0.559 | 0.288 |
aKruskal Wallis Test was used; bMann-Whitney test was used