Table 1.
Baseline anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and nutrient profile of the study participants (n = 210)
| Variables | Intervention group (n = 105) | Control group (n = 105) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 45 ± 6 | 45 ± 6 |
| Sex | ||
| Male, n (%) | 40 (38) | 44 (42) |
| Family income (in Indian rupees), n (%) | ||
| ≤ 20,000 | 64 (61) | 66 (63) |
| > 20,000 | 41 (39) | 39 (37) |
| Smokeless tobacco status, n (%) | ||
| Never | 103 (98) | 103 (98) |
| Past | 2 (2) | 2 (2) |
| Alcoholic status, n (%) | ||
| Never | 103 (98) | 100 (95) |
| Past | 2 (2) | 5 (5) |
| Diabetes medication, n (%) | ||
| Yes | 80 (76) | 86 (82) |
| Glycemic parameters | ||
| Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) % (mmol/mol) | 8.8 ± 1.3 (73.0 ± 13.8) | 8.9 ± 1.4 (74.3 ± 15.1) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 157 ± 47 | 162.4 ± 54.9 |
| Anthropometric parameters | ||
| Body weight (kg) | 70.9 ± 13.4 | 68.9 ± 13.6 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 4.8 | 27.6 ± 5.1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95.7 ± 10 | 94.1 ± 11.3 |
| Blood pressure measures | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 19 | 128 ± 20 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85 ± 11 | 85 ± 11 |
| Lipid parameters | ||
| Serum cholesterol (TC) (mg/dl) | 205 ± 43 | 203 ± 42 |
| Serum triglyceride mg/dl‡ | 177 ± 96 | 181 ± 119 |
| Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dl) | 47 ± 10 | 47 ± 10 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mg/dl) | 123 ± 33 | 122 ± 36 |
| TC/HDL ratio | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 1 |
| 24-h recall nutrients characteristics | ||
| Total energy (kcal) | 1535 ± 396 | 1459 ± 352 |
| Available carbohydrates (g) | 239 ± 58 | 228 ± 46 |
| Available carbohydrates (%E) | 58.3 ± 6.8 | 58.3 ± 5.8 |
| Protein (g) | 48 ± 15 | 46 ± 15 |
| Protein (%E) | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 11.4 ± 1.8 |
| Total fat (g) | 48 ± 19 | 46 ± 17 |
| Total fat (%E) | 25.4 ± 5.8 | 25.6 ± 4.6 |
| Added sucrose (g)$ | 19 ± 9 | 20 ± 8 |
| Added sucrose (%E)$ | 5.3 ± 2.8 | 5.9 ± 2.7 |
| Coffee n (%)# | 77/105 (73%) | 67/105 (64%) |
| Tea n (%)# | 102/105 (97%) | 100/105 (95%) |
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous and n (percentage) for categorical variables. Base 24-h recalls are an average of two recalls. Study participants substituted nonnutritive sweetener, sucralose (intervention) for 12 weeks in their daily beverages of coffee or tea
‡Data presented as least square mean ± standard error
$Sucrose added to coffee/tea
#Numbers of coffee and tea consumers do not add up to 105 as many participants consumed both (e.g., morning coffee; afternoon/evening tea, etc.)