Table 2.
Change in anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical profile of the study participants randomized into intervention and control groups (n = 179)
| Variables | Intervention group | Control group | Between-group difference (95% CI) | Between-group p value† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n = 91) | End of 12 weeks (n = 91) | Change | *p value | Baseline (n = 88) | End of 12 weeks (n = 88) | Change | *p value | |||
| Primary outcome | ||||||||||
| Glycaated hemoglobin (HbA1c), % (mmol/mol)$ | 8.8 ± 1.2 (72.6 ± 12.9) | 8.9 ± 1.5 (73.8 ± 16.6) | 0.1 ± 1.0 (1.2 ± 11.3) | 0.32 | 8.8 ± 1.3 (72.7 ± 14.0) | 8.9 ± 1.7 (74.2 ± 18.1) | 0.1 ± 1.1 (1.5 ± 12.5) | 0.27 |
0.0 (− 0.3, 0.3) (− 0.3 (− 3.8, 3.2)) |
0.86 |
| Secondary outcome | ||||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 70.7 ± 13.6 | 70.4 ± 13.7 | − 0.3 ± 1.6 | 0.04 | 68.3 ± 12.9 | 68.5 ± 13.2 | 0.2 ± 1.5 | 0.27 | − 0.5 (− 1.0, − 0.1) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 4.8 | 28.1 ± 4.8 | − 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.04 | 27.7 ± 5.2 | 27.7 ± 5.3 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.38 | − 0.2 (− 0.4, 0.0) | 0.03 |
| Waist circumference (WC) (cm) | 95.7 ± 9.8 | 94.8 ± 10.1 | − 0.9 ± 1.9 | < 0.0001 | 94.0 ± 11.4 | 94.0 ± 11.4 | 0.0 ± 1.7 | 0.86 | − 0.8 (− 1.4, − 0.3) | 0.002 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 155 ± 45 | 152 ± 45 | − 3 ± 29 | 0.41 | 161 ± 54 | 163 ± 57 | 2 ± 36 | 0.60 | − 4.6 (− 14.1, 5.0) | 0.35 |
| Serum cholesterol (TC) (mg/dl) | 206 ± 42 | 211 ± 45 | 5 ± 36 | 0.20 | 203 ± 43 | 209 ± 47 | 6 ± 31 | 0.05 | − 1.5 (− 11.3, 8.3) | 0.76 |
| Serum triglyceride (TG), (mg/dl) | 183 ± 98 | 173 ± 81 | − 10 ± 77 | 0.22 | 180 ± 123 | 197 ± 112 | 17 ± 110 | 0.16 | − 26.8 (− 54.6, 0.9) | 0.06 |
| Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 47 ± 10 | 48 ± 11 | 1 ± 8 | 0.32 | 47 ± 10 | 47 ± 11 | 0 ± 6 | 0.47 | 0.4 (− 1.7, 2.5) | 0.70 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (mg/dl) | 122 ± 33 | 127 ± 35 | 5 ± 27 | 0.07 | 122 ± 35 | 126 ± 38 | 4 ± 23 | 0.12 | 1.3 (− 6.3, 9.0) | 0.73 |
| TC/HDL ratio | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.54 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.63 | 0.0 (− 0.3, 0.2) | 0.86 |
| Lipid accumulation product (LAP) | 71.6 ± 42.8 | 65.8 ± 6.4 | − 5.8 ± 32.2 | 0.09 | 70.2 ± 56.0 | 77.6 ± 56.5 | 7.4 ± 34.9 | 0.05 | − 13.2 (− 23.0, − 3.4) | 0.01 |
| Visceral adiposity index (VAI) | 3.1 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | − 0.3 ± 1.5 | 0.10 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 3.4 ± 2.2 | 0.3 ± 2.0 | 0.16 | − 0.5 (− 1.1, − 0.0) | 0.04 |
| Triglyceride/glucose index | 9.4 ± 0.7 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | − 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.39 | 9.4 ± 0.7 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.06 | − 0.2 (− 0.3, 0.0) | 0.04 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 19 | 126 ± 18 | − 1 ± 13 | 0.29 | 127 ± 20 | 126 ± 19 | − 1 ± 17 | 0.72 | − 0.8 (− 5.1, 3.5) | 0.72 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 86 ± 11 | 84 ± 11 | − 2 ± 9 | 0.05 | 84 ± 10 | 84 ± 10 | 1 ± 9 | 0.57 | − 2.4 (− 5.1, 0.2) | 0.08 |
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation
*p value < 0.05 considered as significant using paired t test
†p value < 0.05 is considered significant using the generalized linear model (GLM)
$Data presented as % and mmol/mol
Lipid accumulation product: (WC [cm] − 65) × (TG [mmol/l]) for men, and (WC [cm] − 58) × (TG [mmol/l]) for women
Visceral adiposity index: Men: [WC (cm)/(39.68 + (1.88 × BMI)] × (TG/1.03) × (1.31/HDL). Women: [WC (cm)/(36.58 + (BMI × 1.89)] × (TG/0.81) × (1.52/HDL)
Triglyceride/glucose index: ln [Fasting triglyceride (mg/dl) × fasting glucose (mg/dl)]/2