Table 3.
Change in dietary intake of the study participants randomized into intervention and control group [24-h recall] (n = 179)
| Variables | Intervention group | Control group | Between-group difference (95% CI) | p value† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n = 91) | End of 12 weeks (n = 91) | *p value | Baseline (n = 88) | End of 12 weeks (n = 88) | *p value | |||
| Total energy, kcal | 1558 ± 407 | 1500 ± 309 | 0.04 | 1432 ± 336 | 1457 ± 311 | 0.38 | − 83.4 (− 161.4, − 5.4) | 0.04 |
| Available carbohydrates, g | 241 ± 58 | 214 ± 42 | < 0.0001 | 224 ± 43 | 223 ± 44 | 0.84 | − 25.8 (− 38.4, − 13.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Available carbohydrates, %E | 58.1 ± 6.4 | 55.6 ± 4.9 | < 0.0001 | 58.4 ± 5.9 | 57.5 ± 4.7 | 0.05 | − 1.6 (− 3.1, − 0.1) | 0.04 |
| Glycemic index, % | 61 ± 10 | 54 ± 6 | < 0.0001 | 62 ± 10 | 63 ± 9 | 0.38 | − 7.3 (− 10.1, − 4.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Glycemic load | 154 ± 37 | 136 ± 28 | < 0.0001 | 143 ± 29 | 144 ± 30 | 0.76 | − 19.1 (− 27.9, − 10.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Protein, g | 49 ± 16 | 48 ± 11 | 0.17 | 45 ± 15 | 46 ± 12 | 0.59 | − 2.4 (− 6.0, 1.2) | 0.19 |
| Protein, %E | 11.8 ± 1.6 | 12.1 ± 1.1 | 0.05 | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 11.5 ± 1.3 | 0.70 | 0.3 (− 0.2, 0.8) | 0.28 |
| Total fat, g | 49 ± 20 | 49 ± 15 | 0.96 | 46 ± 17 | 48 ± 14 | 0.12 | − 1.8 (− 5.4, 1.8) | 0.33 |
| Total fat, %E | 25.7 ± 5.5 | 26.9 ± 4.5 | 0.05 | 25.6 ± 4.6 | 26.4 ± 3.8 | 0.05 | 0.4 (− 1.0, 1.8) | 0.56 |
| Added sucrose$, g | 15 ± 11 | 2 ± 5 | < 0.0001 | 17 ± 10 | 19 ± 9 | 0.11 | − 14.6 (− 17.0, − 11.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Added sucrose$, %E | 3.6 ± 2.7 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | < 0.0001 | 4.7 ± 3.0 | 4.9 ± 2.4 | 0.36 | − 3.3 (− 4.0, − 2.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Coffee, n (%)# | 63/91(69) | 63/91(69) | 44/88 (50) | 44/88 (50) | 0.67 | |||
| Tea, n (%)# | 90/91(99) | 90/91(99) | 83/88 (94) | 83/88 (94) | 0.91 | |||
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation. Base 24-h recalls are an average of two recalls and end 24-h recalls are an average of six recalls. Some participant taking both tea and coffee. The average of intervention participant sucralose (mg) intake is 13.7 ± 5.3. The average no. of coffee/tea intake is 2.3 ± 0.5. A total of 17 and 14 participants from the control and intervention groups, respectively, dropped out from the study and, hence, were not considered for analysis
$Sucrose added to coffee/tea
*p value < 0.05 is considered significant using a paired t test
†p value < 0.05 is considered significant using the generalized linear model (GLM)
#Numbers of coffee and tea consumers do not add up to 105 as many participants consumed both (e.g., morning coffee; afternoon/evening tea, etc.)