Fig. 1. Overall mortality and pup probability of death.

a Percentage of litters by range of litter mortality with or without the presence of older pups in the cage (Litter Overlap), based on raw data considering the total number of litters (n = 509). The open bracket next to a number designates a non-inclusive endpoint. b Pre-weaning mortality rates with or without Litter Overlap, based on raw data considering the total number of litters (n = 509). Line and cross within the box-plot depict the median and mean, respectively. c Cumulative number of pups that went missing from Focal Litters (likely eaten by a cage mate¹¹) and/or found dead over time before weaning at 21 days of age.