Table 4.
Standardized Regression Coefficients Comparing Binary and Ordinal ACE Scales Among Racial/Ethnic Minority Participants (n=389)
| Job length | PTSD | Opioids | SV arrest | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| ACEs questions | Binary, β(p-value) | Ordinal, β(p-value) | Binary, β(p-value) | Ordinal, β(p-value) | Binary, β(p-value) | Ordinal, β(p-value) | Binary, β(p-value) | Ordinal, β(p-value) |
| How often did a parent or other adult in the household swear at you, insult you, put you down, or humiliate you? | 0.05 (0.50) | −0.06 (0.45) | 0.05 (0.35) | 0.04 (0.58) | −0.06 (0.20) | −0.09 (0.18) | −0.06 (0.31) | −0.13 (0.11) |
| How often did a parent or other adult in the household act in a way that made you afraid that you might be physically hurt? | −0.14 (0.05) | −0.15 (0.08) | −0.19 (<0.001) | −0.21 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.12) | 0.05 (0.62) | −0.03 (0.67) | −0.20 (0.03) |
| How often did a parent or other adult in the household push, slap, or throw something at you? | 0.10 (0.20) | 0.13 (0.20) | −0.03 (0.62) | 0.01 (0.95) | 0.01 (0.80) | 0.10 (0.26) | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.28 (0.01) |
| How often did a parent or other adult in the household ever hit you so hard that you had marks (bruises or cuts) or were injured? | 0.02 (0.77) | 0.04 (0.67) | 0.09 (0.14) | 0.12 (0.20) | 0.11 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.85) | −0.02 (0.77) | −0.03 (0.81) |
| As a child, how often did anyone ever force you to have sex or to do something sexual that you did not want to do? | −0.04 (0.47) | −0.09 (0.11) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.88) | 0.02 (0.84) | 0.12 (<0.001) | 0.16 (0.02) |
| As a child, how often did you hear or see one of your parents or guardians being physically hurt (e.g., hit, slapped, punched, kicked, etc.) by their partner? | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.02 (0.78) | 0.01 (0.85) | 0.00 (0.97) | −0.01 (0.78) | −0.01 (0.92) | 0.03 (0.35) | 0.01 (0.86) |
| How often did you feel that no one in your family loved you or thought you were important or special? | −0.18 (0.01) | −0.11 (0.15) | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.26) | 0.03 (0.40) | 0.01 (0.83) | −0.02 (0.51) | 0.07 (0.21) |
| How often did you feel that you didn’t have enough to eat, had to wear dirty clothes, and had no one to protect you? | 0.04 (0.54) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.55) | 0.00 (0.99) | −0.07 (0.34) | 0.04 (0.77) | 0.01 (0.77) | −0.03 (0.68) |
| How often did you feel that your parents or guardians were too drunk or high to take care of you or take you to the doctor if you needed it? | −0.06 (0.46) | −0.05 (0.54) | 0.03 (0.70) | 0.01 (0.93) | 0.07 (0.27) | 0.11 (0.20) | 0.14 (0.01) | 0.23 (0.01) |
| How often did you see anyone shot or stabbed? | 0.01 (0.93) | −0.08 (0.37) | 0.10 (0.17) | 0.03 (0.68) | 0.30 (<0.001) | 0.29 (<0.001) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.30) |
| How often did you see anyone beaten up or hurt really badly by someone else? | 0.03 (0.61) | 0.05 (0.50) | 0.05 (0.35) | 0.11 (0.14) | −0.03 (0.41) | −0.02 (0.81) | −0.02 (0.64) | −0.13 (0.05) |
| How often were you afraid to go outside because of gangs or drugs in your neighborhood? | −0.04 (0.56) | −0.14 (0.07) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.56) | −0.11 (0.09) | −0.27 (<0.001) | 0.01 (0.73) | 0.00 (0.98) |
| How often did you have to hide someplace because of gun violence in your neighborhood? | 0.04 (0.50) | 0.14 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.73) | 0.08 (0.35) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.31 (<0.001) | 0.11 (<0.001) | 0.24 (0.01) |
| Did you live with anyone who was a problem drinker or alcoholic or who regularly used drugs to get high? | 0.09 (0.24) | 0.09 (0.19) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.13 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.36) | −0.05 (0.32) | −0.09 (0.03) | −0.09 (0.04) |
| Did you live with anyone who was depressed or mentally III? | 0.18 (<0.001) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.99) | 0.02 (0.68) | 0.03 (0.46) | 0.05 (0.32) | −0.01 (0.90) | 0.01 (0.81) |
| Did you live with anyone who attempted suicide? | −0.15 (0.01) | −0.15 (<0.001) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.30) |
| Did you live with anyone who ever went to prison? | −0.05 (0.46) | −0.07 (0.23) | −0.01 (0.85) | −0.05 (0.46) | 0.12 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.46) | 0.04 (0.45) | −0.04 (0.41) |
Note: Job length, longest job held; Opioids, number of days in a typical month used illicit opioids; SV arrests, number of times ever arrested for sexual assault.
ACE, adverse childhood experience; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SV, sexual violence.