Table 1.

Seeding and spreading of amyloidogenic oligomers.

Protein	Main related diseases	Seeding and spreading of oligomers			Therapies targeting oligomers
		In vitro / SAA	Cell models	In vivo
α-syn	PD, MSA, DLB	Iljina et al. (2016); Lau et al. (2022)	Danzer et al. (2007); Danzer et al. (2009); Hansen et al. (2011); Fagerqvist et al. (2013b); Illes-Toth et al. (2015); Iljina et al. (2016); Fusco et al. (2017); Cascella et al. (2021)	Boi et al. (2020)	BAN0805, phase I (Nordstrom et al., 2021) Minzasolmin, phase II (Price et al., 2023) Emrusolmin, phase II (Heras-Garvin et al., 2019)
Aβ	AD	Salvadores et al. (2014); Chang et al. (2022)	Olsson et al. (2018)	Langer et al. (2011); Stohr et al. (2012); Katzmarski et al. (2019)	Lecanemab (Leqembi, approved by FDA for treatment of AD) (van Dyck et al., 2023) ALZ-801, phase III (Alzheon, 2021) PRI-002, phase I (Zhang et al., 2019)
Tau	AD, FTD, PSP, CBD	Lasagna-Reeves et al. (2012); Ghag et al. (2018)	Ruan et al. (2021); Mate De Gerando et al. (2023)	de Calignon et al. (2012); Liu et al. (2012); Lasagna-Reeves et al. (2012); Mate De Gerando et al. (2023)	APN-005, phase I (Hwan-Ching et al., 2022) OLX-07010, phase I (Tian et al., 2013) TRx0237 (LMTX™), phase III (Wischik et al., 2022)
PrPSc	TSEs	Silveira et al. (2005); Kim et al. (2012)	–	–	–
Htt	HD	Morozova et al. (2015)	Herrera et al. (2011); Cicchetti et al. (2014); Pecho-Vrieseling et al. (2014); Tan et al. (2015)	–	–
TDP-43	FTLD, ALS	–	Montalbano et al. (2020)	–	–