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. 2024 Aug 12;4(10):1113–1128. doi: 10.1039/d4ea00078a

Selected toxins emitted by various aquatic and marine organisms and their concentration in aerosols.

Toxin, molecular structure Selected species responsible for production Concentration range in aerosols obtained from field measured
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u1.jpg Pseudo-nitzschia (phytoplankton) No reports
Pseudo-nitzschia australis
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
Algae
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u2.jpg Dinoflagellate Protoperidinium crassipes57 No reports
Azadinium spinosum
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u3.jpg M. aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (freshwater cyanobacteria)58 50 ± 20 ng m−3 (ref. 59)
Anabaena, Microcystis, Planktothrix, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, and Aphanizomenon 0.61 ± 0.75 ppb (ref. 60)
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u4.jpg Karenia brevis (marine dinoflagellates)61 0.2–24 ng m−3 (ref. 62)
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u5.jpg Karenia brevis (dinoflagellates) No reports
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u6.jpg Gambierdiscus toxicus (dinoflagellates) and Ostreopsis siamensis (diatoms)63 No reports
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u7.jpg Gambierdiscus (dinoflagellates)64 No reports
graphic file with name d4ea00078a-u8.jpg Ostreopsis 65–67 Detected in aerosols68,69