Table 2.
Barriers to Physical Activity Identified Across the Included Studies (N = 14).
| Themes | Frequency | Citation(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Capability-related barriers | ||
| C1: Physical capability | ||
| C1.1 Symptoms/health issues (TDF: skills) | ||
| C1.1.1: Fatigue/low energy | 6 | 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 |
| C1.1.2: Pain | 4 | 28, 29, 35, 39 |
| C1.1.3: Medication side effects | 2 | 31, 36 |
| C1.1.4: Limited fitness capacity | 3 | 29,35,36 |
| C1.1.5: Digestive symptoms | 3 | 29,31,33 |
| C1.1.6: Comorbidities and injuries | 4 | 36,31,33,34 |
| C1.1.6: Respiratory symptoms | 2 | 29,31 |
| C1.1.7: Aging | 1 | 37 |
| C1.1.8: Dermatological symptoms | 1 | 31 |
| C1.1.9: Stress | 1 | 38 |
| C1.2 Substance use (TDF: skills) | 1 | 34 |
| C2: Psychological capability | ||
| C2.1 Lack of knowledge (TDF: knowledge) | ||
| C2.1.1: Lack of familiarity with physical activity | 3 | 29,35,36 |
| C2.1.2: Lack of understanding regarding the equipment use | 1 | 36 |
| C2.2 Difficult to memorize a routine (TDF: memory, attention, decision processes) | 1 | 36 |
| C2.3 falling out of an exercise routine (TDF: behavioural regulation) | 1 | 33 |
| Opportunity-related barriers | ||
| O1: Physical opportunity | ||
| O1.1 Lack of time (TDF: environmental context and resources) | 7 | 28,29,30,31,32,33,35,37 |
| O1.2 Lack of education/instructions/advice from professionals and the community (TDF: environmental context and resources) | 4 | 28, 32, 33, 36 |
| O1.3 Lack of tailored programs | ||
| O1.2.1: Lack of comfort at gym | 2 | 31,35 |
| O1.2.2: Lack of adaptive programs | 1 | 28 |
| O1.3 Environmental factors (TDF: environmental context and resources) | ||
| O1.3.1: Availability of, or access to, facilities or programs | 3 | 28, 32, 36 |
| O1.3.2: Weather | 3 | 34, 36, 37 |
| O1.3.3: Noise at the gym | 1 | 32 |
| O1.3.4: Crime (being active outdoors) | 1 | 37 |
| O2: Social opportunity | ||
| O2.1: Socioeconomic factors (TDF: social influences) | ||
| O2.1.1: Financial constraints, travel requirements, or work obligations | 6 | 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37 |
| O2.1.2: Lack of company or social support | 4 | 29, 31, 32, 33 |
| O2.1.3: Negative life events | 1 | 33 |
| O2.2 HIV-related stigma (TDF: social influences) | 3 | 28, 34, 36 |
| Motivation-related barriers | ||
| M1: Automatic motivation | ||
| M1.1: Psychological barriers (TDF: emotion) | ||
| M1.1.1: Lack of motivation/interest | 5 | 29, 31, 35, 36, 37 |
| M1.1.2: Anxiety/ depression/burnout | 1 | 36 |
| M2: Reflective motivation | ||
| M2.1: Fear of harm (TDF: beliefs about consequences) | ||
| M2.1.1: Fear of injury | 2 | 36, 39 |
| M2.1.2: Fear of falling | 1 | 39 |
| M2.1.2: Fear of germs or infection | 1 | 29 |
| M2.1.3: Fear of worsening condition due to physical activity | 1 | 32 |
| M2.2: Lack of self-efficacy (TDF: beliefs about capabilities) | 3 | 31, 35, 36 |
| M2.3: Physical activity is not a priority (TDF: intentions) | 1 | 29 |
| M2.4: Identity-related factors (TDF: psychosocial/professional role and identity) | ||
| M2.4.1: Small HIV community | 1 | 36 |
| M2.4.2: Fear of disclosure of HIV status | 1 | 35 |