TABLE 2.

Definition and Prevalence of Select Geriatric Conditions

Geriatric Condition	Definition	Key Aging Processes Shared With HF	Prevalence in HF a
Malnutrition	A deficit in protein-energy and micronutrients intake		37%-56%
Cachexia93,99	An extreme form of malnutrition and is defined as a systemic multifactorial catabolic circumstance characterized by generalized wasting of body compositions	Inflammaging	10%-15%
Sarcopenia99,100	Progressive loss of muscle strength, mass, and function Consensus definitions differ: • Per Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) supported by NIA/NIH, defined as "low muscle strength assessed by grip strength and slow gait speed" (ie, slowness) • Per European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), defined as "low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical performance"	Impaired proteostasis	20%
Frailty101,102	Clinical circumstance of increased vulnerability resulting from age-associated declines in reserve and function across multiple physiologic systems such that the ability to cope with everyday acute stress is compromised May be operationalized on the basis of physical attributes alone, (operationalized by Fried's criteria) or on the basis of an accumulation of deficits across multiple domains, calculated as a frailty index	Mitochondrial dysfunction	50%
Cognitive impairment103	A limitation in the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding; can range from mild cognitive impairment to dementia	Deregulated nutrient sensing	43% on the basis of a recent systematic review

^aPrevalence estimates vary based on numerous factors, including phenotype and severity of heart failure, diagnostic tool used, and study setting.

HF = heart failure; NIA = National Institute on Aging; NIH = National Institutes of Health.