Evaluation of in vivo bone formation. (A) Schematic illustration of in vivo implantation. (B) Micro-CT images of new bone formation and trabecular thickness around different implants, scale bar: 1 mm; Colors from green to red represent changes in trabecular thickness from thin to thick. (C) Quantitative analysis of bone mineral density (BMD), New bone volume per total volume (BV/TV), the number of trabeculae (Tb. N), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), trabecular bone separation (Tb. Sp) and anisotropic thickness (DA) around different implants. (D) H&E staining and (E) Masson staining of new bone around implants, the black circle shows the implant's edge and osteogenic position, and the yellow box shows the local enlargement position, 40 × scale bar: 500 μm, 200 × scale bar: 100 μm. (F) Immunohistochemical staining and (G) Average optical density of GPX4, HMOX1, and SLC7A11, scale bar: 100 μm. (H) Immunohistochemical staining and (I) average optical density of ALP, OCN, and OPN of new bone around implants, scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.