Table 2.
The characteristics of the results of the studies
| Authors of the study and the quality level |
Population | Sample Group (Number: male–female/age (years)/mass (kg)/height (cm)/BMI (kg/m2)/years of sporting activity (years)/training per week (min) |
Task type | Muscles | Measurement time | Electromyographic variables | Reported significant findings (DKV vs CON) (P < 0.005) |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
[30] [34] MQS 56% |
Recreationally active females |
DKV (N: 8 F/ age: 20.09 ± 1.32 years/ body mass: 59.11 ± 8.84 kg/ height: 161.0 ± 8.0 cm/ BMI: 22.62 ± 1.85 kg/m2/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: 90–150 min) Healthy (N: 14 F/ age: 21.29 ± 1.63 years/ body mass: 58.22 ± 4.20 kg/ height: 163.0 ± 5.0 cm/ BMI: 21.82 ± 1.28 kg/m2/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: 90–150 min) |
Overhead squat |
Adductor magnus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, peroneus longus, medial gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior |
MVIC, amplitude |
Descending phase (time from the initiation of knee flexion until peak knee flexion) and ascending phase (time from the initiation of knee extension until returning to the original starting position) |
Adductor magnus at the descending phase, biceps femoris at the descending phase, vastus lateralis at the descending phase, vastus medialis at the descending phase |
0.029 0.015 0.028 0.006 |
|
[29] [33] HQS 83% |
Active adults |
DKV (N: 10 F 10 M/ age: 20.20 ± 1.80 years/ body mass: 71.80 ± 14.70 kg/ height: 173.8 ± 8.8 cm/ BMI: NR/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: 273.8 ± 190.2 min) Healthy (N: 10 F 10 M/ age: 20.2 ± 1.5 years/ body mass: 71.0 ± 14.60 kg/ height: 173.1 ± 10.1 cm/ BMI: NR/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: 246.0 ± 170.3 min) |
Single-leg squat |
Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, hip adductors, hamstring, quadriceps, medial gastrocnemius |
MVIC, amplitude |
Descending phase (time from the initiation of knee flexion until peak knee flexion) | NR |
0.089 0.007 0.028 |
|
[28] [32] HQS 78% |
General university population |
DKV (N: 12 F 2 M/ age: 22.40 ± 3.1 years/ body mass: 65.9 ± 9.9 kg/ height: 162.2 ± 9.3 cm/ BMI: NR/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: NR) Healthy (N: 10 F 7 M/ age: 23.80 ± 5.80 years/ body mass: 69.60 ± 15.40 kg/ height: 166.1 ± 31.1 cm/ BMI: NR/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: NR) |
Overhead squat |
Gluteus maximus, hip adductors |
MVIC, amplitude |
Descending phase (time from the initiation of knee flexion until peak knee flexion) and ascending phase (time from the initiation of knee extension until returning to the original starting position) |
Hip adductors | 0.02 |
|
[12] [14] MQS 61% |
NR |
DKV (N: 15 F 3 M/age: 20.20 ± 1.9 years/ body mass: 64.90 ± 9.80 kg/ height: 167.0 ± 7.4 cm/ BMI: NR/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: NR) Healthy (N: 15 F 4 M/ age: 21.30 ± 2.30 years/ body mass: 65.90 ± 13.70 kg/ height: 166.8 ± 9.6 cm/ BMI: NR/ years of sporting activity: NR/ training per week: NR) |
Overhead squat |
Adductor magnus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius |
MVIC, amplitude |
Descending phase (time from the initiation of knee flexion until peak knee flexion) and ascending phase (time from the initiation of knee extension until returning to the original starting position) |
Adductor magnus | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: DKV dynamic knee valgus, N number, M male, F female, g kilograms, cm centimeters, m meter, m2 squared meter; min minutes, NR not reported, MQS:moderate quality study, HQS high-quality study, MVIC maximum voluntary isometric contraction