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. 2024 Mar 8;148(8):523–535. doi: 10.1159/000538036

Table 1.

Characteristics of study cohort of individuals with diabetes and diabetic kidney disease hospitalized for fluid overload

Diabetes (N = 1,531) Diabetic kidney disease (N = 1,037)
Before hospitalization
Age, years 73 (64, 81) 75 (66, 82)
Older age ≥65 years, n (%) 1,116 (72.9) 811 (78.2)
Male gender, n (%) 775 (50.6) 496 (47.8)
Ethnicity
 Chinese, n (%) 1,005 (65.6) 701 (67.6)
 Malay, n (%) 212 (13.8) 145 (14.0)
 Indian, n (%) 243 (15.9) 145 (14.0)
 Other, n (%) 71 (4.6) 46 (4.4)
Hospitalization for fluid overload in past 6 months, n (%) 62 (4.0) 48 (4.6)
Emergency department visits in past 6 months, n (%) 1 (1, 2) 1 (1, 2)
Two or more ED visits in 6 months, n (%) 704 (46.0) 470 (45.3)
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) 885 (57.8) 611 (58.9)
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) 281 (18.4) 198 (19.1)
HbA1c#, % 7.2 (6.4, 8.4) 7.2 (6.4, 8.4)
Hypertension, n (%) 1,239 (80.9) 882 (85.1)
CCI 6 (5, 9) 7 (5, 9)
History of alcoholism, n (%) 28 (1.8) 15 (1.4)
Antidepressant use, n (%) 118 (7.7) 82 (7.9)
Current smoker, n (%) 92 (6.0) 57 (5.5)
During index hospitalization
Admission via emergency department, n (%) 1,387 (90.6) 956 (92.2)
Subsidized ward#, n (%) 484 (93.3) 387 (93.5%)
eGFR at admission, mL/min/1.73 m2 45.6 (29.0, 67.1) 34.5 (23.9, 46.5)
AKD, n (%) 104 (6.8) 85 (8.2)
IV furosemide, n (%) 1,255 (80.0) 836 (80.6)
IV furosemide peak dose >80 mg/day, n (%) 334 (21.8) 256 (24.7)
Length of stay, days 4 (2, 8) 4 (2, 8)
LACE score 13 (11, 14) 13 (11, 15)
LACE score ≥10, n (%) 1,411 (92.2) 978 (94.3)
At discharge
Systolic BP, mm Hg 129 (115, 141) 130 (118, 144)
Systolic BP at discharge <125 mm Hg#, n (%) 652 (43.0) 401 (39.0)
Diastolic BP, mm Hg 66 (60, 72) 66 (60, 72)
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 48.5 (30.6, 75.0) 36.4 (25.4, 50.1)
eGFR at discharge ≤45 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) 693 (45.3) 685 (66.1)
Diuretic, n (%) 1,474 (96.3) 1,000 (96.4)
 Loop diuretic, n (%) 1,466 (95.8) 996 (96.0)
 Thiazide 89 (5.8) 59 (5.7)
 MRB, n (%) 299 (19.5) 168 (16.2)
RAS blocker, n (%) 1,102 (72.0) 728 (70.2)
Statin, n (%) 1,325 (86.5) 915 (88.2)
Follow-up, months 19.6 (9.9, 30.9) 19.6 (9.5, 30.9)

BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IV, intravenous; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; MRB, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker; AKD, acute kidney disease.

#Missing data for HbA1c (n = 779), ward class (n = 1,003), and systolic BP at discharge (n = 13).