Table 1.
Diabetes (N = 1,531) | Diabetic kidney disease (N = 1,037) | |
---|---|---|
Before hospitalization | ||
Age, years | 73 (64, 81) | 75 (66, 82) |
Older age ≥65 years, n (%) | 1,116 (72.9) | 811 (78.2) |
Male gender, n (%) | 775 (50.6) | 496 (47.8) |
Ethnicity | ||
Chinese, n (%) | 1,005 (65.6) | 701 (67.6) |
Malay, n (%) | 212 (13.8) | 145 (14.0) |
Indian, n (%) | 243 (15.9) | 145 (14.0) |
Other, n (%) | 71 (4.6) | 46 (4.4) |
Hospitalization for fluid overload in past 6 months, n (%) | 62 (4.0) | 48 (4.6) |
Emergency department visits in past 6 months, n (%) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) |
Two or more ED visits in 6 months, n (%) | 704 (46.0) | 470 (45.3) |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 885 (57.8) | 611 (58.9) |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 281 (18.4) | 198 (19.1) |
HbA1c#, % | 7.2 (6.4, 8.4) | 7.2 (6.4, 8.4) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1,239 (80.9) | 882 (85.1) |
CCI | 6 (5, 9) | 7 (5, 9) |
History of alcoholism, n (%) | 28 (1.8) | 15 (1.4) |
Antidepressant use, n (%) | 118 (7.7) | 82 (7.9) |
Current smoker, n (%) | 92 (6.0) | 57 (5.5) |
During index hospitalization | ||
Admission via emergency department, n (%) | 1,387 (90.6) | 956 (92.2) |
Subsidized ward#, n (%) | 484 (93.3) | 387 (93.5%) |
eGFR at admission, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 45.6 (29.0, 67.1) | 34.5 (23.9, 46.5) |
AKD, n (%) | 104 (6.8) | 85 (8.2) |
IV furosemide, n (%) | 1,255 (80.0) | 836 (80.6) |
IV furosemide peak dose >80 mg/day, n (%) | 334 (21.8) | 256 (24.7) |
Length of stay, days | 4 (2, 8) | 4 (2, 8) |
LACE score | 13 (11, 14) | 13 (11, 15) |
LACE score ≥10, n (%) | 1,411 (92.2) | 978 (94.3) |
At discharge | ||
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 129 (115, 141) | 130 (118, 144) |
Systolic BP at discharge <125 mm Hg#, n (%) | 652 (43.0) | 401 (39.0) |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 66 (60, 72) | 66 (60, 72) |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 48.5 (30.6, 75.0) | 36.4 (25.4, 50.1) |
eGFR at discharge ≤45 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 693 (45.3) | 685 (66.1) |
Diuretic, n (%) | 1,474 (96.3) | 1,000 (96.4) |
Loop diuretic, n (%) | 1,466 (95.8) | 996 (96.0) |
Thiazide | 89 (5.8) | 59 (5.7) |
MRB, n (%) | 299 (19.5) | 168 (16.2) |
RAS blocker, n (%) | 1,102 (72.0) | 728 (70.2) |
Statin, n (%) | 1,325 (86.5) | 915 (88.2) |
Follow-up, months | 19.6 (9.9, 30.9) | 19.6 (9.5, 30.9) |
BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IV, intravenous; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; MRB, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker; AKD, acute kidney disease.
#Missing data for HbA1c (n = 779), ward class (n = 1,003), and systolic BP at discharge (n = 13).