Table 2.

Clinical Outcomes by Hospital Group

Outcome	Outcome per Hospital Group		Adjusted1 RR (95% CI)
	Low Oral Hospitals (n=15,609 patients at 16 hospitals)	High Oral Hospitals (n=4,669 patients at 7 hospitals)	High vs. Low
In-hospital outcomes
LOS, hours – mean (sd)	55.2 (28.1)	54.14 (27.52)	1 (0.93, 1.08)
ICU transfer2	95 (0.6)	28 (0.6)	1.07 (0.57, 1.99)
Escalated respiratory care3	72 (0.5)	63 (1.3)	2.96 (1.12, 7.81)
Complicated CAP	1084 (6.9)	260 (5.6)	0.81 (0.59, 1.11)
Cost, $ - mean (sd)	6,435 (3,850)	6,500 (3988)	1.06 (0.79, 1.41)
Post-discharge outcomes
7-day CAP-related ED revisits	76 (0.5)	29 (0.6)	1.21 (0.84, 1.73)
7-day CAP related readmission	131 (0.8)	68 (1.5)	1.68 (1.31, 2.17)
Readmission for complicated CAP	57 (0.4)	24 (0.5)	1.42 (0.87, 2.34)
Readmission with pleural drainage	27 (0.2)	14 (0.3)	Too few to model

Values represent the number of patients (percentage of total patients) unless otherwise specified.

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative ratio; sd, standard deviation.

¹Adjusted for patient age, initial use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, initial diagnostic utilization (blood culture, blood gas analysis, chest ultrasound or computed tomography), additional respiratory diagnoses including asthma, influenza, atypical CAP, and viral bronchiolitis, calendar time (hospitalization year and winter/fall season), and hospitalization in the preceding 6 months.

²ICU transfer after the second hospital day

³Use of heated high flow oxygen, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, or intubation and mechanical ventilation after second hospital day