Table 3.

Factors predicting constipation, within the subpopulation with vegetable consumption, before propensity score matching

Variable	Constipation (%)	Odds ratio	P value
1st quartile	13.20%	Reference
2nd quartile	12.02%	0.82 (0.67, 1.01)	0.06
3rd quartile	9.95%	0.72 (0.59, 0.88)	<0.01
4th quartile	7.47%	0.60 (0.49, 0.73)	<0.01
Gender
Male	6.20%	Reference
Female	13.69%	2.26 (1.96, 2.59)	<0.01
Age group
20–29	13.07%	Reference
40–64	9.27%	0.75 (0.63, 0.88)	<0.01
≥65	9.17%	0.70 (0.56, 0.86)	<0.01
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	8.87%	Reference
Non-Hispanic Black	12.77%	1.31 (1.11, 1.53)	0.01
Mexican American	9.68%	0.89 (0.75, 1.05)	0.18
Other Hispanic/race	8.26%	0.81 (0.57, 1.14)	0.23
Education
Less than high school	11.53%	Reference
High school/equivalent	11.34%	1.00 (0.84, 1.18)	0.98
Above high school	8.11%	0.71 (0.60, 0.84)	<0.01
Marital status
Solitary status	11.17%	Reference
Partner status	9.03%	1.01 (0.89, 1.15)	0.79
Poverty Index Ratio
<1.00	12.84%	Reference
1.00–2.00	11.19%	0.93 (0.78, 1.11)	0.45
>2.00	8.38%	0.78 (0.66, 0.92)	<0.01
Body mass index (kg/m2)
<25 (lean/normal)	12.36%	Reference
≥25 (overweight)	8.85%	0.66 (0.58, 0.75)	<0.01
Healthy Eating Index–2010
70–100 (good)	7.30%	Reference
60–69 (average)	6.06%	1.39 (0.74, 2.60)	0.30
0–59 (poor)	10.13%	2.16 (1.26, 3.69)	<0.01
Physical activity
Mild	11.18%	Reference
Moderate	9.22%	0.94 (0.80, 1.10)	0.48
Extreme	8.51%	0.95 (0.81, 1.11)	0.53
Smoking
Never	10.84%	Reference
Former	7.91%	0.91 (0.78.1.08)	0.31
Active	9.72%	0.80 (0.68, 0.95)	0.01
Alcohol consumption
Never	12.94%	Reference
Former	13.65%	1.23 (1.00, 1.51)	0.05
Active	8.46%	0.90 (0.75, 1.08)	0.27
Supplemental medication usage
Absent	10.86%	Reference
Present (within 30 days)	8.74%	0.84 (0.73, 0.96)	0.01
Constipation drug usage
Absent	9.71%	Reference
Present (within 30 days)	11.93%	1.31 (1.03, 1.66)	0.02

Bold indicates statistical significance at p < 0.005.