Table 2.
Clinical trials targeting the tumor microenvironment.
| Target(s) | Agent(s) | Combination | Phase | NCT number | Condition(s) | Status | Result(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TIGIT | Vibostolimab | Anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) | I | NCT02964013 | Advanced solid tumors (NSCLC) | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| Tiragolumab | Anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) | II | NCT03563716 | NSCLC | Active, not recruiting | The combination therapy achieved an ORR of 37% | |
| Domvanalimab | Anti-PD-1 (zimberelimab) | II | NCT04791839 | NSCLC | Recruiting | NA | |
| TIM-3 | Eftilagimod alpha | Anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) | II | NCT03625323 | NSCLC | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| TSR-033 | Anti-PD-1 (dostarlimab)/docetaxel | I | NCT03250832 | Advanced solid tumors (NSCLC) | Active, not recruiting | NA | |
| Relatlimab | Anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) | II | NCT04623775 | NSCLC | Recruiting | NA | |
| Relatlimab | Anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) | II | NCT04205552 | NSCLC | Recruiting | NA | |
| LAG-3 | TSR-022 | Anti-PD-1 (TSR-042)/carboplatin-pemetrexed | I | NCT03307785 | Advanced cancer (NSCLC) | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| INCAGN02390 | NA | I | NCT03652077 | Advanced malignancies (NSCLC) | Completed | NA | |
| Cobolimab | Anti-PD-1 (dostarlimab)/docetaxel | II/III | NCT04655976 | Advanced NSCLC | Recruiting | NA | |
| MBG453 | Anti-PD-1 (PDR001) | I/II | NCT02608268 | Advanced malignancies (NSCLC) | Active, not recruiting | NA | |
| CCR4 | Mogamulizumab | NA | I | NCT01929486 | Advanced or recurrent cancer | Unknown | Well-tolerated but induces limited clinical efficacy |
| Mogamulizumab | Docetaxel | I | NCT02358473 | NSCLC | Completed | NA | |
| Mogamulizumab | Nivolumab | I | NCT02476123 | Advanced solid tumors (NSCLC) | Completed | Acceptable safety profile and antitumor activity | |
| Mogamulizumab | Anti-PD-L1 (durvalumab)/anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) | I | NCT02301130 | Advanced solid tumors (NSCLC) | Completed | Acceptable safety profile, but did not result in potent antitumor efficacy | |
| CSF-1R | Cabiralizumab | CD40 agonist (APX005M)/anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) | I | NCT03502330 | NSCLC | Recruiting | NA |
| Arg1 | INCB001158 | Anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) | I/II | NCT02903914 | Advanced/metastatic solid tumors | Active, not recruiting | Well tolerated and showed responses |
Arg1: Arginase 1; CCR4: C-C chemokine receptor type 4; CSF-1R: Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; LAG-3: Lymphocyte-activation gene 3; NA: Not available; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; PD-1: Programmed death-1; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; TIGIT: T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin (Ig) and ITIM domains; TIM-3: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3.