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. 2024 Jun 17;4(8):1153–1165. doi: 10.1038/s43587-024-00648-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — PRISMA methodology for searching and selecting studies. Using the search criteria, we identified 1,382 studies (PubMed 313, PsycNet 132, Virtual Health Library 8, Web of Science 2). After implementing a procedure to detect duplicates, we retained 354 studies for further analysis. Three independent evaluators assessed the relevance of the title and abstract of each study, ultimately selecting 52 studies. Four full-text articles were excluded due to insufficient or unsuitable information for our research interests, two because of a different population study and 19 for assessing different outcomes. In the end, 38 studies were selected for further analysis: 28 on risk factors for cognition and 10 on risk factors for functional ability.