Table 5. Mechanisms for enabling the translation of modeled evidence for decision-making.

	Government Advisory Groups	Consortium	Working Trainings	Formal Government Research Partnerships
Definition	Government-led advisory groups, task forces, or technical committees of experts & modelers that review available evidence & advise the government	Partnerships between NGOs, research/academic institutions & other stakeholders that regularly review & discuss evidence to provide guidance and advocacy to decision- makers	Training sessions, often organized by or with the government, that bring together researchers to develop modeling capacity through the collaborative development of a model	Formal ad hoc partnerships, including contractual arrangements & memoranda of understanding, established by the government with organizations that develop models to jointly explore key research questions
Examples	Nigeria’s National Council on Health	• India’s SARS-CoV-2 Genome Sequencing Consortium • Nigeria’s COVID-19 Research Coalition	• India’s Cochrane & Campbell Collaboration trainings • India’s Center for Global Development International Decision Support Initiative	Kenya MoH’s commission of a report on COVID modeling efforts
Strengths	• Allows for visibility of available evidence • Provides space for discussion & debate • Improves transparency • Directly tied to decision- makers	• Allows for wide visibility of available evidence • Provides space for discussion & debate • Improves transparency	• Develops capacity • Encourages transparency and collaboration • Promotes government leadership in modeling	• Intentional collaboration • Clear expectations
Pitfalls	May have limited membership	May not have direct ties to government	Requires organizational & convening capacity, including funding for experts	Certain partners may have favored status, limiting the pool of modeling expertise & diverse perspectives