Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained tachyarrhythmia and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality.

Catheter ablation is effective for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation but is less effective for persistent or longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation.

Increasing evidence suggests hybrid (surgical plus catheter) ablation is a useful approach for persistent or longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation.

Basic and clinical research should aim to clarify atrial fibrillation’s mechanisms and optimize its management.

Continued cooperation and teamwork between cardiac surgeons and cardiac electrophysiologists promises to result in greater results and fewer complications.