Table 1.
Baseline Features of Participants
| Characteristics | Total (n = 413 630) | Physical frailty status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonfrailty (n = 243 798) | Pre-frailty (n = 155 470) | Frailty (n = 14 362) | ||
| Physical frailty indicators, n (%) | ||||
| Weight loss | 63 147 (15.3) | 0 (0.0) | 56 901 (36.6) | 6 246 (43.5) |
| Exhaustion | 50 773 (12.3) | 0 (0.0) | 40 772 (26.2) | 10 001 (69.6) |
| Low physical activity | 36 166 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 26 509 (17.1) | 9 657 (67.2) |
| Slow walking pace | 31 019 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 19 951 (12.8) | 11 068 (77.1) |
| Low grip strength | 57 069 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | 47 002 (30.2) | 10 067 (70.1) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 56.5 (8.1) | 56.2 (8.1) | 56.7 (8.1) | 57.9 (7.6) |
| Female, n (%) | 224 351 (54.2) | 126 818 (52.0) | 88 548 (57.0) | 8 985 (62.6) |
| Ethnic background, n (%) | ||||
| Other | 36 284 (8.8) | 18 621 (7.6) | 15 730 (10.1) | 1 933 (13.5) |
| White | 376 053 (90.9) | 224 499 (92.1) | 139 205 (89.5) | 12 349 (86.0) |
| Townsend Deprivation Index, mean (SD) | −1.4 (3.0) | −1.7 (2.8) | −1.0 (3.2) | 0.5 (3.6) |
| Household income, £, n (%) | ||||
| <18 000 | 77 552 (18.8) | 36 358 (14.9) | 35 201 (22.6) | 5 993 (41.7) |
| 18 000–30 999 | 90 834 (22.0) | 52 704 (21.6) | 35 465 (22.8) | 2 665 (18.6) |
| 31 000–51 999 | 94 858 (22.9) | 60 132 (24.7) | 33122 (21.3) | 1 604 (11.2) |
| 52 000–100 000 | 74 549 (18.0) | 50 807 (20.8) | 22 997 (14.8) | 745 (5.2) |
| >100 000 | 19 802 (4.8) | 14 219 (5.8) | 5 457 (3.5) | 126 (0.9) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.4 (4.8) | 26.6 (4.1) | 28.3 (5.1) | 31.3 (6.7) |
| Stand height, cm, mean (SD) | 168.5 (9.3) | 169.5 (9.1) | 167.4 (9.3) | 164.4 (9.1) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 227 164 (54.9) | 138 208 (56.7) | 82 392 (53.0) | 6 564 (45.7) |
| Previous | 143 637 (34.7) | 84 046 (34.5) | 54 568 (35.1) | 5 023 (35.0) |
| Current | 41 548 (10.0) | 20 946 (8.6) | 17 932 (11.5) | 2 670 (18.6) |
| Alcohol intake, times/week, n (%) | ||||
| <1 | 124 478 (30.1) | 59 728 (24.5) | 56 367 (36.3) | 8 383 (58.4) |
| 1–2 | 107 288 (25.9) | 63 867 (26.2) | 40 471 (26.0) | 2 950 (20.5) |
| >2 | 181 629 (43.9) | 120 134 (49.3) | 58 499 (37.6) | 2 996 (20.9) |
| Healthy diet score, n (%) | ||||
| <3 | 131 962 (31.9) | 75 685 (31.0) | 50 832 (32.7) | 5 445 (37.9) |
| ≥3 | 267 719 (64.7) | 162 016 (66.5) | 98 006 (63.0) | 7 697 (53.6) |
| Sedentary behavior time, hours, mean (SD) | 4.8 (2.4) | 4.6 (2.2) | 5.1 (2.5) | 5.8 (3.1) |
| Heel BMD T-score, mean (SD) | −0.3 (1.3) | −0.3 (1.2) | −0.3 (1.3) | −0.4 (1.4) |
| With history of falls, n (%) | 72 916 (17.6) | 35 112 (14.4) | 31 896 (20.5) | 5 908 (41.1) |
| Vitamin D, n (%) | 15 770 (3.8) | 8 856 (3.6) | 6 220 (4.0) | 694 (4.8) |
| Calcium supplementation, n (%) | 26 886 (6.5) | 15 115 (6.2) | 10 580 (6.8) | 1 191 (8.3) |
| Serum vitamin D, mmol/L mean (SD) | 48.8 (21.0) | 50.4 (20.8) | 47.1 (21.0) | 39.8 (20.7) |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) |
Notes: BMD = bone mineral density; SD = standard deviation