Table 2.
Hazard Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Association of Physical Pre-frailty and Frailty With Outcome of Fractures
| Outcomes | Physical Frailty Status | p-Trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonfrailty | Pre-frailty | Frailty | ||
| Total fractures | ||||
| Event, n (%) | 10 585 (4.3) | 8 220 (5.3) | 1 178 (8.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (Reference) | 1.19 (1.16–-1.23) | 1.84 (1.73–-1.95) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Reference) | 1.21 (1.17–1.24) | 1.83 (1.72–1.95) | <.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Reference) | 1.17 (1.14–1.21) | 1.63 (1.53–1.74) | <.001 |
| Hip fractures | ||||
| Event, n (%) | 1 704 (0.7) | 1 440 (0.9) | 234 (1.6) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (Reference) | 1.26 (1.18–1.35) | 2.13 (1.86–2.44) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Reference) | 1.35 (1.26–1.45) | 2.39 (2.07–2.77) | <.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Reference) | 1.30 (1.21–1.39) | 2.03 (1.76–2.35) | <.001 |
| Vertebrae fractures | ||||
| Event, n (%) | 849 (0.4) | 828 (0.5) | 166 (1.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (Reference) | 1.53 (1.39–1.68) | 3.35 (2.84–3.96) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Reference) | 1.46 (1.32–1.62) | 2.85 (2.38–3.41) | <.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Reference) | 1.42 (1.28–1.57) | 2.51 (2.09–3.01) | <.001 |
| Other fractures | ||||
| Event, n (%) | 8 750 (3.6) | 6 653 (4.3) | 896 (6.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (Reference) | 1.17 (1.13–1.21) | 1.69 (1.58–1.81) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Reference) | 1.17 (1.13–1.21) | 1.66 (1.55–1.79) | <.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Reference) | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | 1.48 (1.38–1.60) | <.001 |
Notes: Model 1: adjusted for age (years) and sex (male or female). Model 2: Model 1 + ethnic background (White or others), Townsend Deprivation Index (continuous), household income (<£18 000, £18 000–£30 999, £31 000–£51 999, £52 000–£100,000, or >£100 000), body mass index (continuous), standing height (continuous), smoking status (never, previous or current smoking), alcohol intake (<1, 1–2, >2 times/week), healthy diet score (<3 or ≥3), and sedentary behavior time (continuous). model 3: Model 2 + heel bone mineral density T-score (continuous), falls history (with or without), vitamin D supplementation (yes or no), calcium supplementation (yes or no), serum vitamin D (continuous), and serum calcium (continuous).