Table 3.
Association of Physical Pre-frailty and Frailty With Risk of Bone Fractures by Potential Risk Factors Via Model 3*.
| Subgroup | Physical Frailty Status | p-Trend | p-Interaction | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonfrailty | Pre-frailty | Frailty | |||
| Age (years) | .014 | ||||
| <60 | 1 (references) | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) | 1.67 (1.50–1.85) | <.001 | |
| ≥60 | 1 (references) | 1.20 (1.16–1.25) | 1.65 (1.52–1.80) | <.001 | |
| Sex | <.001 | ||||
| Women | 1 (references) | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | 1.55 (1.43–1.68) | <.001 | |
| Men | 1 (references) | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | 1.79 (1.60–2.01) | <.001 | |
| Townsend deprivation index | .967 | ||||
| <Median | 1 (references) | 1.20 (1.15–1.25) | 1.68 (1.50–1.89) | <.001 | |
| ≥Median | 1 (references) | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | 1.61 (1.49–1.74) | <.001 | |
| Household income (£) | <.001 | ||||
| <31 000 | 1 (references) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 1.71 (1.58–1.86) | <.001 | |
| ≥31 000 | 1 (references) | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | 1.50 (1.26–1.79) | <.001 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | .467 | ||||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 (references) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | 1.64 (1.42–1.89) | <.001 | |
| 25–29.9 | 1 (references) | 1.16 (1.10–1.21) | 1.65 (1.48–1.84) | <.001 | |
| ≥30 | 1 (references) | 1.20 (1.13–1.28) | 1.61 (1.45–1.78) | <.001 | |
| Standing height† | .103 | ||||
| <Median | 1 (references) | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | 1.68 (1.54–1.82) | <.001 | |
| ≥Median | 1 (references) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 1.50 (1.35–1.66) | <.001 | |
| Smoking status | .001 | ||||
| Never | 1 (references) | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | 1.49 (1.35–1.65) | <.001 | |
| Previous | 1 (references) | 1.14 (1.09–1.20) | 1.67 (1.50–1.85) | <.001 | |
| Current | 1 (references) | 1.29 (1.18–1.41) | 1.89 (1.63–2.20) | <.001 | |
| Alcohol intake (times/week) | .073 | ||||
| <1 | 1 (references) | 1.20 (1.14–1.27) | 1.62 (1.48–1.78) | <.001 | |
| 1–2 | 1 (references) | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) | 1.63 (1.41–1.87) | <.001 | |
| >2 | 1 (references) | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | 1.73 (1.53–1.96) | <.001 | |
| Healthy diet score | .055 | ||||
| <3 | 1 (references) | 1.13 (1.07–1.20) | 1.63 (1.46–1.81) | <.001 | |
| ≥3 | 1 (references) | 1.17 (1.13–1.22) | 1.59 (1.46–1.74) | <.001 | |
| Heel BMD T-score | .387 | ||||
| >−1 | 1 (references) | 1.15 (1.11–1.21) | 1.71 (1.56–1.88) | <.001 | |
| −2.5 to 1 | 1 (references) | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | 1.53 (1.37–1.71) | <.001 | |
| <−2.5 | 1 (references) | 1.23 (1.04–1.47) | 1.98 (1.50–2.60) | <.001 | |
| Fall history | .172 | ||||
| Without | 1 (references) | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | 1.62 (1.49–1.77) | <.001 | |
| With | 1 (references) | 1.26 (1.19–1.34) | 1.66 (1.50–1.84) | <.001 | |
*Model 3: adjusted for age (years), sex (male or female), ethnic background (white or others), Townsend deprivation index (continuous), household income (<£18 000, £18 000–£30 999, £31 000–£51 999, £52 000–£100 000, or >£100 000), body mass index (continuous), standing height (continuous), smoking status (never, previous or current smoking), alcohol intake (<1, 1–2, >2 times/week), healthy diet score (<3 or ≥3), sedentary behavior time (continuous), heel bone mineral density T-score (continuous), falls history (with or without), vitamin D supplementation (yes or no), calcium supplementation (yes or no), serum vitamin D (continuous) and serum calcium (continuous).
†The median value of standing height was calculated separately by sex.