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. 2024 May 27;2(8):517–529. doi: 10.1021/envhealth.4c00029

Table 1. Environmental Exposure and Cancer in Companion Animals.

Cancer Category Exposure Investigated Observation Years Method of Chemical Assessment Reference
Bladder Trihalomethanes 1996–1998 Questionnaire, drinking water utility company data (47)
Obesity and pesticides 1982–1985 Interview (40)
Pesticides - herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, algicides, acaricides, molluscicides 1995–2003 Questionnaire (75)
Industrial activity 1969–1978 Observational (42)
Pesticides, Passive tobacco smoke, household exposures 2013–2017 Questionnaire and GST-theta variant genotyping (41)
Topical flea and tick pesticides 1995–2003 Questionnaire (76)
Vegetable 1995–2003 Questionnaire (77)
Trihalomethanes, arsenic, nitrate, ozone, PM2.5, airborne arsenic, acrylonitrile, benzene, chromium VI, and cadmium 2013–2017 GIS mapping residence linked to EWG tap water database, county level EPA air pollution data, EPA NATA outdoor air quality data (43)
Passive tobacco smoke Not reported Questionnaire, urinary cotinine (39)
Lymphoma Various environmental factors 2015–2017 Questionnaire, GIS mapping (58)
Living in industrial areas, household chemicals - pesticides, paints, solvents 1996–1998 Questionnaire (61)
2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1984–1988 Questionnaire/Interview (68)
Waste incinerators, polluted sites, and radioactive waste 2000–2001 Geospatial analysis with waste incinerators, polluted sites, and radioactive waste (57)
Passive tobacco smoke, indoor pollution, pesticides, cleaning products Not reported Questionnaire and immunocytochemical staining of CD3, PAX5, Ki-67 (67)
Geospatial analysis with human non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma during the same time period 2005–2016 Geospatial distribution at the municipality level of age standardized risk (56)
Magnetic fields 1987–1990 Wire codes and magnetic fields were measured at the homes of dogs, interview (78)
Radon, pesticides 2013 Spatial analysis using Postcode-district level and external sources for environmental exposure data (55)
Trihalomethanes, arsenic, nitrate, ozone, PM2.5, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, chromium VI, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, tetrachloroethylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2015–2017 GIS mapping residence linked to EWG tap water database, county level EPA air pollution data, EPA NATA outdoor air quality data (43)
Flea and tick products, lawn care chemicals, household chemicals 2006–2007 Questionnaire (69)
Various environmental factors 2010 Interview (59)
Living near illegal waste dumping sites 2003–2008 Odds ratios between high- and low-danger areas, Questionnaires (63)
Cumulative exposure burden 2012–2015 Geospatial proximity to pollutant sources, county level EPA air pollution data, (62)
Mammary Pyrethroids - allethrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tetramethrin Not reported HPLC measurement of adjacent adipose tissue (50)
Heavy metal and mineral elements Not reported ICP-MS - hair samples (79)
Mycotoxins - aflatoxins, fumonisin, zearalenone 2010–2012 HPLC measurement of mycotoxins in animal feed, questionnaire (80)
Pesticides - γ-HCH, α-HCH, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, butachlor, p,p-DDT, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDD, p,p-DDE, L-cyhalothrin, permethrin, fipronil, and fenitrothion 2011–2013 GC-ECD measurement serum, mammary tissue and mammary adipose, questionnaire (51)
POPs - dioxins, dioxin-like, nondioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkylated substances 2012–2013 GC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS analysis of adipose (n = 115) and/or serum n = 65 (perfluorinated chemicals) (81)
Respiratory/Nasal/Oral Black dust matter (anthracosis) 1980–2005 Pathology - H&E staining (82)
Asbestos 1977–1981 Interview and 3 dogs’ lung tissue analyzed with electron microprobe for fiber content compared to 6 controls (73)
Asbestos 1960–1980 Pathology - Electron microscopy analysis of lung tissues compared to 8 controls for the presence of ferruginous body content (83)
Urban versus rural 1953–1968 Observational from medical records (74)
Passive smoking 1985–1987 Questionnaire (84)
Lead paint, asbestos, mold, cigarette smoke, aerosols, pesticides, incense/candles, fertilizers, wood shavings 2002–2012 Questionnaire (85)
Indoor air pollution – environmental tobacco smoke, indoor chemical solvents, coal/kerosene heating 1989–1993 Questionnaire (86)
Environmental tobacco smoke 1986–1990 Interview (87)
Liver Trace elements 2012–2018 ICP-MS deparaffinized tissues (70)
Testis Vietnam military service – Agent Orange/herbicides 1968–1973 Medical and service records (72)
Vietnam military service– Agent Orange/herbicides 1968–1973 Medical and service records (71)