Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies included
| Bacteria (n = 154 studies) 1984–2015 |
Viruses (n = 219 studies) 1980–2015 |
Parasites (n = 4 studies) 2007–2012 |
Fungi (n = 1 study) 2009 |
Bacteria + Viruses (n = 13 studies) 2009–2015 |
Bacteria + Fungi (n = 1 study) 2008 |
Overall (n = 392 studies) 1980–2015 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | |||||||
| Eastern | 61 (39.6%) | 100 (45.7%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (23.1%) | 1 (100.0%) | 166 (42.3%) |
| South-central | 47 (30.5%) | 46 (21.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 102 (26.0%) |
| South-western | 45 (29.2%) | 70 (32.0%) | 3 (75.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 120 (30.6%) |
| Multi-regional | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.0%) |
| Study design | |||||||
| Case series | 67 (43.5%) | 65 (29.7%) | 3 (75.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 10 (76.9%) | 1 (100.0%) | 147 (37.5%) |
| Fever series | 23 (14.9%) | 10 (4.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 33 (8.4%) |
| Seroprevalence | 47 (30.5%) | 108 (49.3%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 158 (40.3%) |
| Multiple study types | 17 (11.0%) | 36 (16.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 54 (13.8%) |
| Age distribution | |||||||
| Neonates | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.5%) |
| Children | 3 (1.9%) | 6 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 17 (4.3%) |
| Adults | 43 (27.9%) | 27 (12.3%) | 3 (75.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 75 (19.1%) |
| All ages | 55 (35.7%) | 76 (34.7%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (23.1%) | 1 (100.0%) | 136 (34.7%) |
| Unspecified | 52 (33.8%) | 109 (49.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 162 (41.3%) |
| Sample used | |||||||
| Blood | 119 (77.3%) | 207 (94.5%) | 4 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (92.3%) | 1 (100.0%) | 343 (87.5%) |
| CSF | 1 (0.6%) | 4 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.3%) |
| Blood and/or CSF | 30 (19.5%) | 8 (3.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 40 (10.2%) |
| Blood or bone-marrow | 4 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.0%) |
| Diagnostic Method | |||||||
| Culture | 42 (27.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 45 (11.5%) |
| Serological | 96 (62.3%) | 190 (86.8%) | 3 (75.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (92.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 301 (76.8%) |
| PCR | 8 (5.2%) | 10 (4.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (4.8%) |
| Culture and/or serological | 7 (4.5%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (2.3%) |
| PCR and/or serological | 1 (0.6%) | 11 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (3.3%) |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.3%) |
CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; the number in parentheses indicates the column percentages