Table 2.

Representative NPs enhance sensitivity or reverse drug resistance in cancers by regulating redox balance

NPs	Plant Sources	Drugs	Cancer Types	Cells	Mechanisms	Synergistic	Ref
Oridonin	Rabdosia rubescens	Cisplatin	Esophageal	KYSE30	GSH↓, ROS↑, DNA damage ↑	Sensitization	[150]
Oridonin	Rabdosia rubescens	5-FU	Renal	786-O	GSH↓, ROS↑, MAPK↑	Sensitization	[151]
Oridonin	Rabdosia rubescens	Arsenic trioxide	Liver	Bel7402	ROS↑, NF-κB↓, MMP↓, p-p38↑, p-ERK1↑, p-JNK↑	Sensitization	[254]
Oridonin	Rabdosia rubescens	Cetuximab	Laryngeal	HEp-2, Tu212	ROS↑, JNK↑	Sensitization	[255]
Plumbagin	Plumabago zeylanica L	TRAIL	Leukemia	Kasumi-1	GSH↓, ROS↑, DR4/5↑, Caspase8↑	Sensitization	[153]
Plumbagin	Plumabago zeylanica L	BAY-876	Lung	H1299, H1944, H1975, A549	TrxR1↓, O2• −↑, ROS↑	Sensitization	[164]
Plumbagin	Plumabago zeylanica L	Cisplatin	Tongue	CAL27/CDDP	ROS↑, Mitochondrial superoxide↑, AKT/mTOR↓	Reverse resistance	[256]
Embelin	Embelia ribes	TRAIL	Breast	SUM149	GSH↓, SOD1↓, ROS↑	Sensitization	[154]
Emodin	Rhubarb	Cisplatin	Bladder	T24, J82	GSH↓, ROS↑, MRP1↓	Sensitization	[155]
Emodin	Rhubarb	Platinum	Gallbladder	SGC996	GSH↓, MRP1↓, ROS↑	Sensitization	[257]
Emodin	Rhubarb	Cisplatin	Endometrial	Ishikawa, HEC-IB	NOX↓, P-gp↓, MRP↓, BCRP↓, ROS↓	Sensitization	[172]
Emodin	Rhubarb	Cisplatin	Ovarian	COC1/DDP	ROS↑, GS-X pump↓, MRP1↓	Reverse resistance	[258]
Quercetin	Quercetum	Tamoxifen	Breast	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7	GSH↓, MMP↓	Sensitization	[156]
Quercetin	Quercetum	Cisplatin	Ovarian	SKOV3/CDDP	Trx1/2↓, TrxR1↓, ROS↑	Reverse resistance	[165]
Quercetin	Quercetum	5-FU	Colorectal	HCT116	SOD↓, CAT↓, GPX↓, GR↓, Nrf2/HO-1↓, ROS↓	Reverse resistance	[179]
Quercetin	Quercetum	Cisplatin	Ovarian	SKOV3/CDDP	SOD2↓, CAT↓, GPX1↓, HO-1↓, Nrf2↓	Reverse resistance	[180]
Quercetin	Quercetum	Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide	Breast	MDA-MB-231	ROS↓, ERK1/2↓, Caspase3↑	Sensitization	[183]
Artesunate	Artemisia annua	Sunitinib	Renal	KTCTL-26	GPX4↓, GSH↓, ROS↑	Reverse resistance	[259]
Piperlongumine	Piper longum L	Oxaliplatin	Gastric	SGC-7901, BGC-823	TrxR1↓, ROS↑, DNA damage↑, p38/JNK↑	Sensitization	[161]
Piperlongumine	Piper longum L	TRAIL	Breast	MDA-MB-231	ROS↑, p38/JNK↑, DR5↑	Sensitization	[260]
Piperlongumine	Piper longum L	Sorafenib	Liver	HCCLM3, SMMC7721	ROS↑, p-AMPK↑	Sensitization	[261]
Shikonin	Lithospermum erythrorhizon	Gefitinib	Lung	H1650,H1975	TrxR↓, NADPH↓, GSH/GSSG↓, ROS↑, Caspase3↑	Reverse resistance	[163]
Shikonin	Lithospermum erythrorhizon	Cisplatin	Ovarian	A2780/DDP, SKOV3/DDP	GPX4↓, ROS↑, LPO↑	Reverse resistance	[262]
Shikonin	Lithospermum erythrorhizon	Cabazitaxel	Prostate	DU145, PC-3	ROS↑, MMP↓	Sensitization	[263]
Oleanolic acid (OLO-2)	Araliaceae	Cisplatin	Lung	A549/CDDP	TrxR↓, ROS↑, NF-κB↓	Reverse resistance	[166]
Oleanolic acid	Araliaceae	Sorafenib	Liver	Huh7, HepG2	ROS↑, LPO↑	Sensitization	[264]
Sanguinarine	Sanguinaria canadensis	Gefitinib	Lung	H1975	NOX3↑, NADP+/NADPH↑, O2• −↑, H2O2↑, ROS↑	Reverse resistance	[169]
Sanguinarine	Sanguinaria canadensis	Cisplatin	Ovarian	A2780/R	GSH↓	Reverse resistance	[265]
Ginsenoside Ro	Ginseng	5-FU	Esophageal	ECA-109, TE-1, CT-26	NOX↑, NCF1↑, CYBB↑, ROS↑	Sensitization	[170]
Ginsenoside Rd	Ginseng	Cisplatin	Lung	A549/DDP	Nrf2↓, HO-1↓, NQO1↓, MDR1↓, MRP1↓	Reverse resistance	[177]
Baicalin	Scutellaria baicalensis	5-FU	Gastric	AGS, SGC-7901	NOX1↑, GPX4↓, COX2↑, ROS↑	Sensitization	[118]
Baicalin	Scutellaria baicalensis	Doxorubicin	Breast	MDA-MB-23, MCF-7	Oxidative stress↑, ROS↑, SOD↓, MMP↓	Sensitization	[266]
Ursolic Acid	Rosmarinus officinalis	Oxaliplatin	Colorectal	HCT8, SW480	NADPH↑, ROS↑, P-gp↓, MRP↓, BCRP↓	Sensitization	[171]
Ursolic Acid	Rosmarinus officinalis	Doxorubicin	Breast	MCF-7/ADR	ROS↑, DNA damage↑, p-AMPK↑, p-mTOR↓	Reverse resistance	[267]
Ursolic Acid	Rosmarinus officinalis	Sorafenib	Liver	Hep 3B	ROS↑, SLC7A11↓	Sensitization	[268]
Wogonin	Scutellaria baicalensis	Hydroxycampto- thecin, Cisplatin, Etoposide	Liver	HepG2	Nrf2↓, HO-1↓, NQO1↓, ROS↑, MRP↓	Sensitization	[174]
Wogonin	Scutellaria baicalensis	Doxorubicin	Breast	MCF-7/DOX	Nrf2↓, HO-1↓, NQO1↓	Reverse resistance	[175]
Wogonin	Scutellaria baicalensis	Cisplatin	Head and neck	HN4-cisR, HN9-cisR	Nrf2↓, GSTP1↓, GSH/GSSG↓, ROS↑, p-JNK↑	Reverse resistance	[176]
Wogonin	Scutellaria baicalensis	TRAIL	Prostate	LNCaP	ROS↑, p53↑	Sensitization	[269]
Berberine	Rhizoma coptidis	Lapatinib	Breast	BT-474LapR	Nrf2↓, ROS↑	Reverse resistance	[178]
Berberine	Rhizoma coptidis	Niraparib	Ovarian	A2780, HEY, HO8910	Oxidative stress↑, DNA damage↑	Sensitization	[270]
Parthenolide	Tanacetum parthenium	Mitoxantrone, Doxorubicin	Breast	MDA-MB231	Nrf2↓, CAT↓, MnSOD↓, HSP70↓, ROS↑	Reverse resistance	[181]
Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii	Cisplatin	Ovarian	SKOV3PT	ROS↑, NF-κB↓, Caspase3↑	Reverse resistance	[182]
Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii	Doxorubicin, Imatinib	Leukemia	HL60/A, K562/G	Nrf2↓, NQO1↓, GSR↓, HO-1↓	Reverse resistance	[271]
Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii	Gemcitabine	Bladder	UMUC3, EJ	CAT↓, SOD2↓, ROS↑	Sensitization	[272]
Brusatol	Brucea javanica	Gemcitabine	Pancreatic	PANC-1	Nrf2↓, ROS↑	Sensitization	[273]
Brusatol	Brucea javanica	Trastuzumab	Ovarian, Breast	SK-OV-3, BT-474	Nrf2/HO-1↓, HER2-AKT/ERK1/2↓	Sensitization	[274]
Resveratrol	Berries	5-FU	Colorectal	HT29, SW480, SW620	SOD↑, CAT↓, GPX↓, ROS↑, LPO↑	Sensitization	[184]
Resveratrol	Berries	Platinum	Breast, Choriocarcinoma	MDA-MB-231, JEG-3	O2• −↑, H2O2↑, NO2−↑	Sensitization	[185]
Resveratrol	Berries	Temozolomide	Glioblastoma	SHG44	ROS↑, AMPK↑, mTOR↓, MMP↓	Sensitization	[186]
Resveratrol	Berries	Temozolomide	Glioblastoma	U87MG, GBM8401	ROS↓	Sensitization	[187]
EGCG	Green tea	Gefitinib, Osimertinib	Lung	H1975 (GR)	OXPHOS↑, ROS↑	Reverse resistance	[188]
EGCG	Green tea	TRAIL	Renal	786-O	ROS↑	Sensitization	[189]
EGCG	Green tea	Irinotecan	Colorectal	HCT116,RKO	ER stress↑, ROS↓	Sensitization	[190]
EGCG	Green tea	Doxorubicin	Oral	KB-A-1	Redox↓, Antioxidation↑	Reverse resistance	[191]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	Docetaxel, Vincristine	Lung	A549/D16, A549/V16	p-ERK↑, p-p38↑, ROS↑	Reverse resistance	[275]
Mitocurcumin	Curcuma longa	Cytarabine	Leukemia	MOLM13	Oxidative stress↑, ROS/p21/CHK1↑, JNK/p38↑	Reverse resistance	[276]
Genistein	Genista tinctoria L	Topotecan	Prostate	LNCaP	ROS↑, Caspase3/9↑	Sensitization	[277]
Genistein	Genista tinctoria L	Arsenic trioxide	Liver	HepG2, Hep3B, SK-Hep-1	ROS↑, Caspase3/9↑	Sensitization	[278]
Gallic Acid	Gallnut	Cisplatin	Lung	H446	ROS↑, MMP↓, p53↑	Sensitization	[279]
Gallic Acid	Gallnut	Paclitaxel	Ovarian	A2780, A2780AD	ROS↑, p-ERK↓	Reverse resistance	[280]
β-Elemene	Curcumae Rhizoma	Cisplatin	Bladder	T24	ROS↑, AMPK↑	Sensitization	[281]
β-Elemene	Curcumae Rhizoma	Cetuximab	Colorectal	HCT116, Lovo	GSH↓, MDA↑, GPX4↓, GLS↓, SLC7A11↓, ROS↑	Sensitization	[223]
Apigenin	Celery	Doxorubicin	Liver	BEL-7402/ADM	Nrf2↓, HO-1↓, ROS↑, PI3K/Akt↓	Reverse resistance	[282]
Saikosaponins	Bupleurum radix	Cisplatin	Cervical, Ovarian, Lung	Hela, Siha, SKOV3, A549	ROS↑	Sensitization	[283]
Rhein	Rhubarb	Oxaliplatin	Pancreatic	PANC-1, MIAPaca-2	ROS↑, MDA↑, PI3K/Akt↓	Sensitization	[284]
Mangostin	Mangosteen tree	Cisplatin	Cervical	HeLa	ROS↑	Sensitization	[285]
Hederagenin	Hedera helix	Cisplatin, Paclitaxel	Lung	H1299, H1975	ROS↑, MAPK↑	Sensitization	[286]
Hederagenin	Hedera helix	Cisplatin	Head and neck	HN3-cisR, HN9-cisR	Nrf2↓, HO-1↓, NQO1↓, xCT↓, GSH↓, ROS↑, p53↑	Reverse resistance	[287]
Tanshinone IIA	Salvia miltiorrhiza	TRAIL	Ovarian	TOV-21G	ROS↑, p-JNK↑, CHOP↑, DR5↑	Sensitization	[288]
Andrographolide	Andrographis paniculate	Cisplatin	Colorectal	HCT116, HT29	ROS↑, MDA↑, ER Stress↑	Sensitization	[289]
Andrographolide	Andrographis paniculate	TRAIL	Prostate	PC-3	ROS↑, p53↑, DR4↑	Sensitization	[290]
Honokiol	Magnolia officinalis	Cabozantinib	Renal	786–0, ACHN	Nrf2↓, HO-1↓, Oxidative stress↑, ROS↑	Sensitization	[291]
Camptothecin	Camptotheca acuminata	TRAIL	Liver	Hep 3B	ROS↑, DR5↑	Sensitization	[292]
Arachidin-1	Peanut	Paclitaxel	Breast	MDA-MB-231	ROS↑, Mitochondrial oxidative stress↑, p53↑	Sensitization	[293]
Glaucocalyxin B	Rabdosia japonica	Cisplatin	Ovarian	A2780, A2780/DDP	ROS↑, p-JNK↑, DNA damage↑	Sensitization	[294]
Alantolactone	Inula helenium	Oxaliplatin	Colorectal	HCT116, RKO	ROS↑, p38↑, p-JNK↑	Sensitization	[295]
Salvianolic acid B	Salvia miltiorrhiza	Vincristine, 5-FU, Cisplatin	Colorectal	HCT8/VCR	ROS↑, P-gp↓, MDR1↓	Reverse resistance	[296]
Gypenosides	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	5-FU	Colorectal	SW-480	ROS↑, DNA damage↑, p53↑	Sensitization	[297]
Dihydroartemisinin	Artemisia annua	Doxorubicin	Cervical	HeLa, SiHa	MDA↑, GSH↓	Sensitization	[298]
Thymoquinone	Nigella sativa	Cisplatin	Oral	SCC-25	ROS↑, LPO↑, DNA damage↑	Sensitization	[299]