Table 8.

Results of direct, indirect, and total effects of the GNS framework.

Variables	Direct impact		Indirect impact		total impact
	$Coeffici\text{ent}$	$\mathrm{t}\text{values}$	$Coeffici\text{ent}$	$\mathrm{t}\text{values}$	$\text{Coefficient}$	$\mathrm{t}\text{values}$
InER	−1.6729***	−1.726	−1.7894***	−5.392	−0.9562***	−4.279
InTG	0.9035***	5.390	0.4572***	7.376	0.7901***	5.245
InEG	0.0452***	4.625	0.0625***	4.190	0.0932***	2.836
InP	3.7265***	3.738	−3.3912***	−3.925	5.6734***	9.107
lnU	−0.7254***	−9.736	−0.5291***	−1.736	−0.6745***	−4.275
lnTR	−0.4829***	−2.693	−0.1945***	−2.748	−0.2756***	−2.764