Table 1.
Clinical and CMR characteristics of the study population according to MAD presence.
| Variables | MAD absence (n = 227) |
MAD presence (n = 214) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical data | |||
| Age, years | 57 (47-71) | 55 (41-67) | 0.04 |
| Female, n | 85/227 (38%) | 89/214 (42%) | 0.37 |
| Athletes, n | 13/227 (6%) | 5/214 (2%) | 0.06 |
| Previous PCI, n | 50/227 (22%) | 36/214 (17%) | 0.30 |
| Hypertension, n | 89/227 (39%) | 75/214 (35%) | 0.38 |
| Diabetes, n | 27/227 (12%) | 19/214 (9%) | 0.26 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n | 75/227 (33%) | 73/214 (34%) | 0.81 |
| No symptoms, n | 125/227 (55%) | 132/214 (62%) | 0.16 |
| Typical chest pain, n | 10/227 (4%) | 12/214 (6%) | 0.45 |
| Atypical chest pain, n | 26/227 (11%) | 14/214 (7%) | 0.07 |
| Palpitations, n | 17/227 (8%) | 18/214 (8%) | 0.72 |
| Dyspnea, n | 48/227 (21%) | 40/214 (19%) | 0.52 |
| Unexplained syncope, n | 4/227 (2%) | 1/214 (1%) | 0.20 |
| 24-hour Holter-ECG, n | 63/227 (28%) | 77/214 (36%) | 0.06 |
| VEBs ≥10,000 per day, n | 2/63 (3%) | 6/77 (8%) | 0.24 |
| NSVT, n | 11/63 (17%) | 7/77 (9%) | 0.14 |
| Sustained ventricular tachycardia, n | - | - | - |
| Ventricular fibrillation/aborted sudden cardiac death | 0/227 (0%) | 1/214 (0%) | 0.36 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 21/227 (9%) | 15/214 (7%) | 0.39 |
| CMR diagnosis | |||
| Normal heart | 87/227 (38%) | 113/214 (53%) | 0.002 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 51/227 (22%) | 32/214 (15%) | 0.04 |
| HNDCM/dilated cardiomyopathy | 24/227 (11%) | 12/214 (6%) | 0.06 |
| Myocarditis | 19/227 (8%) | 20/214 (9%) | 0.72 |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 15/227 (7%) | 6/214 (3%) | 0.06 |
| HCM and phenocopies | 12/227 (5%) | 7/214 (3%) | 0.30 |
| Takotsubo syndrome | 2/227 (1%) | 1/214 (1%) | 0.60 |
| Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy | 3/227 (1%) | 4/214 (2%) | 0.65 |
| Cardiac mass or tumor | 2/227 (1%) | 1/214 (0%) | 0.60 |
| Extracardiac mass | 3/227 (1%) | 5/214 (2%) | 0.42 |
| Congenital heart disease | 1/227 (0%) | 1/214 (0%) | 0.97 |
| Pericardial disease | 8/227 (4%) | 12/214 (6%) | 0.29 |
| CMR characteristics | |||
| LV end diastolic volume, mL | 151 (122-190) | 142 (120-171) | 0.03 |
| LV mass, grams | 112 (82-143) | 98 (74-123) | <0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 59 (50-64) | 61 (56-65) | 0.008 |
| Right ventricular end diastolic volume, mL | 138 (113-163) | 138 (113-171) | 0.75 |
| Right ventricular ejection fraction, % | 60 (55-66) | 60 (56-65) | 0.63 |
| Left atrial volume, mL | 55 (41-70) | 50 (40-67) | 0.18 |
| Right atrial volume, mL | 46 (34-63) | 47 (35-60) | 0.67 |
| T1-mapping, msec | 1000 (982-1029) | 998 (977-1018) | 0.12 |
| T2-mapping, msec | 47 (45-49) | 47 (45-48) | 0.07 |
| LGE presence, n | 88/219 (40%) | 67/206 (33%) | 0.10 |
| LGE pattern: subendocardial, n |
33/88 (38%) | 21/67 (31%) | 0.43 |
| LGE pattern: midwall, n | 32/88 (37%) | 30/67 (45%) | 0.29 |
| LGE pattern: subepicardial, n | 13/88 (15%) | 15/67 (23%) | 0.21 |
| LGE pattern: transmural, n | 24/88 (27%) | 11/67 (16%) | 0.11 |
| LGE: septal wall, n | 40/88 (45%) | 27/67 (41%) | 0.57 |
| LGE: anterior wall, n | 28/88 (32%) | 15/67 (23%) | 0.21 |
| LGE: lateral wall, n | 34/88 (39%) | 29/67 (43%) | 0.56 |
| LGE: inferior wall, n | 38/88 (43%) | 35/67 (53%) | 0.23 |
| LGE: apex, n | 26/88 (30%) | 16/67 (24%) | 0.46 |
| LGE: papillary muscles, n | 6/88 (7%) | 3/67 (5%) | 0.55 |
| LGE: right ventricle, n | 2/88 (2%) | 4/67 (6%) | 0.23 |
| LGE, number of segments (LGE+ patients) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-3) | 0.33 |
| Mitral annulus, systole, mm | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 0.82 |
| Mitral annulus, diastole, mm | 29 ± 5 | 29 ± 5 | 0.11 |
| Mitral regurgitation ≥ mild | 11/227 (5%) | 6/214 (3%) | 0.27 |
| MVP, n | 3/227 (1%) | 26/214 (12%) | <0.01 |
| MVP extent, mm | 2.9 (2.1-2.9) | 2.7 (2.0-4.2) | 0.86 |
| Bi-leaflet MVP, n | - | 8/214 (4%) | 0.003 |
CMR cardiac magnetic resonance, ECG electrocardiogram, HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HNDCM hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, LGE late gadolinium enhancement, LV left ventricle, MAD mitral annulus disjunction, MVP mitral valve prolapse, n number of patients, NSVT non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, VEB ventricular ectopic beat.
Bold numbers indicate statistically significant results.