Table 5.
Univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis of determinants associated with MAD extent in patients with MAD.
| Variables | Univariable analysis |
Multivariable analysis (Model 1: MVP presence) |
Multivariable analysis (Model 2: MVP extent) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value | β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | |
| Age, years | 0.02 | −0.012 (−0.23; 0.002) | 0.39 | -0.009 (−0.315; 0.012) | 0.48 | -0.008 (−0.030; 0.014) |
| Female | 0.79 | 0.05 (−0.33; 0.44) | - | - | - | - |
| Palpitations | 0.90 | 0.04 (−0.66; 0.74) | - | - | - | - |
| VEBs ≥ 10,000 per day | 0.004 | 2.29 (0.72; 3.85) | 0.02 | 1.76 (0.26; 3.26) | 0.009 | 2.01 (0.52; 3.50) |
| NSVT | 0.38 | −0.50 (−0.61; 0.61) | - | - | - | - |
| Ventricular fibrillation/aborted sudden cardiac death | 0.46 | 1.65 (−2.78; 6.08) | - | - | - | - |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.88 | −0.05 (−0.74; 0.64) | - | - | - | - |
| LV end diastolic volume, mL | 0.04 | −0.004 (−0.007; 0) | 0.87 | 0.001 (−0.008; 0.009) | 0.75 | 0.001 (−0.007; 0.009) |
| LV mass, grams | 0.15 | −0.003 (−0.006; 0.001) | - | - | - | - |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 0.005 | 0.02 (0.01; 0.04) | 0.86 | −0.003 (−0.040; 0.034) | 0.94 | -0.001 (−0.038; 0.035) |
| Left atrial volume, mL | 0.36 | −0.004 (−0.012; 0.004) | - | - | - | - |
| T1-mapping, msec | 0.51 | −0.001 (−0.004; 0.002) | - | - | - | - |
| T2-mapping, msec | 0.27 | −0.002 (−0.006;0.002) | - | - | - | - |
| LGE, presence | 0.41 | −0.17 (−0.57; 0.23) | - | - | - | - |
| LGE: number of segments | 0.08 | −0.86 (−0.18; 0.01) | - | - | - | - |
| MVP, presence | <0.001 | 2.52 (1.80; 3.25) | <0.001 | 2.45 (1.30; 3.60) | - | - |
| MVP extent, mm | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.60; 1.05) | - | - | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.43; 1.13) |
| Mitral regurgitation ≥mild | 0.60 | −0.27 (−1.24; 0.72) | - | - | - | - |
| Mitral annulus, systole, mm | 0.96 | −0.001 (−0.040; 0.038) | - | - | - | - |
| Mitral annulus, diastole, mm | 0.59 | −0.01 (−0.05; 0.03) | - | - | - | - |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.02 | −0.59 (−1.07;−0.11) | 0.51 | −0.38 (−1.51; 0.75) | 0.50 | −0.38 (−1.51; 0.74) |
| HNDCM/dilated cardiomyopathy | 0.31 | −0.35 (−1.04; 0.34) | - | - | - | - |
| Myocarditis | 0.38 | 0.30 (−0.37; 0.96) | - | - | - | - |
| HCM and phenocopies | 0.29 | −0.50 (−1.43; 0.43) | - | - | - | - |
| Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy | 0.14 | 1.14 (−0.37; 2.65) | - | - | - | - |
| Congenital heart disease | 0.86 | −0.26 (−3.08; 2.55) | - | - | - | - |
CI confidence interval, HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HNDCM hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, LGE late gadolinium enhancement, LV left ventricle, MAD mitral annulus disjunction, MVP mitral valve prolapse, n number of patients, NSVT non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, VEB ventricular ectopic beat.
Bold numbers indicate statistically significant results.