Table 1.
The characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
| First Author (Reference ) | Year | Country (Continent) | Sample size (n) | Age (year) | Type of study | Diagnostic tool | Prevalence ) % ( | Quality score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |||||||
| Sheifer et al 19 | 2000 | USA (America) | 5888 | 2355 | 3533 | 72.1 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 15.3 | - | - | 6 |
| Rathore et al 20 | 2000 | USA (America) | 106780 | 53283 | 53497 | 76.8 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 22.1 | - | - | 6 |
| Aronow et al 21 | 1987 | USA (America) | 708 | 469 | 239 | 82±8 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 30.0 | 27.7 | 34.7 | 5 |
| Mehta et al 22 | 2001 | USA (America) | 163140 | 101963 | 61177 | ˃65 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 28.2 | - | - | 5 |
| Rathore et al 23 | 2001 | USA (America) | 3402 | - | - | ˃65 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 8.3 | - | - | 5 |
| Lusiani et al 24 | 1994 | Italy (Europe) | 94 | 60 | 34 | 68.5±11.5 | Retrospective | ECG | 32 | 27 | 36 | 6 |
| O'Neal et al 25 | 2014 | Senegal (Africa) | 4608 | 1843 | 2765 | ˃65 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 17.3 | 22.0 | 14.1 | 6 |
| Brugts et al 26 | 2005 | Netherlands (Europe) | 4484 | 1628 | 2856 | 69.6±8.8 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 4.86 | 7.6 | 3.2 | 6 |
| Nadelmann et al 27 | 1990 | USA (America) | 390 | 139 | 251 | 79±3, ˃75 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 8.8 | - | - | 5 |
| Duan et al 28 | 2007 | USA (America) | 1519086 | 607634 | 911452 | 76 | Population-Based Cross-Sectional and Cohort Study | ECG | 8.8 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 7 |
| Dangelser et al 29 | 2005 | France (Europe) | 1672 | 1256 | 416 | 79 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 20.45 | - | - | 5 |
| Barbier et al 30 | 2011 | Sweden (Europe) | 394 | 206 | 188 | ˃75 | Population-Based Cross-Sectional | ECG | 30 | 37 | 23 | 6 |
| Khera et al 31 | 2013 | USA (America) | 1434579 | - | - | ≥65 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 35.7 | - | - | 5 |
| Claussen et al 32 | 2014 | Norway (Europe) | 4092 | 3088 | 1004 | ≥65 | Prospective Cohort Study | ECG | 10.6 | - | - | 7 |
| Reiter et al 33 | 2011 | Spain (Europe) | 404 | 218 | 186 | 78 (74-82) | Multi-Centre Study | ECG | 36 | - | - | 6 |
| Goch et al 34 | 2009 | Poland (Europe) | 40 | 25 | 15 | 81 (75-95) | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 52.5 | 65 | 52 | 5 |
| Pastori et al 35 | 2015 | England (Europe) | 3223 | 1812 | 1411 | 73.2±8.7 | Prospectively | ECG | 25.1 | - | - | 7 |
| Sato et al 36 | 2020 | Japan (Asia) | 6596 | 4141 | 2455 | ≥65 | Prospective, Multicenter, and Observational Study | - | 8.1 | - | - | 5 |
| Schelbert et al 37 | 2012 | Iceland (Europe) | 936 | 452 | 484 | 76 (72-81) | Cohort | ECG | 16.23 | 15.04 | 18.36 | 8 |
| Maynard et al 38 | 2006 | USA (America) | 7054 | 6936 | 118 | 73.5±10.0 | Retrospective Cohort Study | ECG | 11.2 | - | - | 5 |
| Amann et al 39 | 2016 | Germany (Europe) | 1191 | 678 | 513 | 79 (75-84) | Observational Population-Based Study | ECG | 41 | - | - | 8 |
| DeLuca et al 40 | 2006 | USA (America) | 287 | 204 | 83 | 63±8 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 22.6 | - | - | 5 |
| Ahto et al 41 | 1998 | Finland (Europe) | 1196 | 488 | 708 | 74±7 | Observational Population-Based Study | ECG | 9.5 | 14 | 7 | 7 |
| Kim et al 42 | 2009 | USA (America) | 185 | 122 | 63 | 60.4±11.2 | Prospective Study | DE-CMR | 27 | - | - | 6 |
| Figueroa-Triana et al 43 | 2021 | Colombia (America) | 1015 | 679 | 336 | 66.4±13.7 | Retrospective Cohort Study | ECG | 38 | - | - | 8 |
| Kılıç et al 16 | 2020 | Turkey (Europe) | 1626 | 1149 | 477 | 61.5±12.5 | National Multi-Center, Observational Study | ECG | 6.7 | 5.22 | 10.27 | 9 |
| Gianfagna et al 44 | 2018 | Italy (Europe) | 3755 | 2391 | 1364 | 68.5±4.3 | Population Based Cross-Sectional Study | ECG | 6.4 | 8.9 | 2.1 | 8 |
| Kohn et al 45 | 2005 | USA (America) | 1633 | 784 | 621 | ˃65 | Retrospective Cohort Study | ECG | 10.7 | - | - | 5 |
| Sajadieh et al 46 | 2005 | Denmark (Europe) | 678 | 397 | 281 | 64.5±6.8 | Cross-Sectional | ECG | 11.4 | 9.6 | 13.8 | 6 |