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. 2024 Aug 20;19(8):e0309308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309308

Table 2. A sample of nine synthesised projects, ranging from low- to high- risk, subjected to the GOSLING tool.

Synthesised project proposal summary Subjective risk estimate Specific risk or mitigating factors GOSLING score
An established technology company with ethical approval seeking to receive multi-modal datasets to support an AI based risk stratification tool in Cardiac Disease High Multi-modal rare disease varied data including structured and unstructured datasets being shared with a secure environment outside the NHS and the UK but within the EU. Data being shared includes genomic, biometric and imaging data. 189.0
The paediatric department request genomic and microbiome data to be shared with a local medtech start-up for developing an algorithm capable of predicting risk of neurodegenerative diseases High Children’s genomic data being shared with a commercial medtech start-up with a data transfer agreement in place 109.7
A technology company looking to access Diabetic Retinopathy images in conjunction with associated patient data to help validate an algorithm that looks at assessing disease present in a patient’s eye High Datasets are curated and anonymised at NHS site. Anonymised datasets are made available in a secure internal Trusted Research Environment for analysis with oversight by the Trust. 88.2
Joint project between clinical researchers and a Canadian academic partner looking to combine databases of abdominal CTs from hospitals internationally with clinical outcome data in order to develop an algorithm that can pick up incidental findings of intussusception and assess clinical relevance in adult females High Collecting both imaging and clinical data for a small number of patients with a rare or unusual diagnosis and sharing this with an international partner. This is a funded study with a data transfer agreement are in place 85.1
Observational cohort study examining clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of refractory and unexplained chronic cough Medium Imaging, free-text and specific timestamp data are being requested. Mitigated risk by those involved will hold contracts with organisation, with data agreement in place stating responsibilities and requirements of project. The Trust retains control over the data access and no data will leave the trust secure monitored environment. 66.4
An established pharmaceutical company is looking to access blood films from the hospital with limited associated clinical data to see if they can predict response to chemotherapy agents in myeloma Medium Sharing data with an established pharmaceutical company based in the UK using secure cloud storage, with a data transfer agreement in place 57.5
The Respiratory department seeks to collaborate with a consortium of UK-based NHS hospitals to produce a federated machine learning algorithm capable of diagnosing lung cancer from chest X-rays. No patient data will be shared with third-party organisations, only model weights from the local federated algorithm Medium Cloud-based storage will be required to run a federated model on the local centre’s data. The data, however, will not be shared with any parties outside the host institution. University ethics approval has been obtained 43.0
A risk prediction model using a large language model to predict the length of stay of a patient based only on the venous blood gas taken in the emergency department on first admission Low Specific timestamp data is requested. Data is only accessed by researchers based at the host institution, which remains in control of data access and the retention period. The study has received university ethics approval 29.1
The neurosurgical department within the host institution requests access to all data for all adult patients with extraventricular drains, looking to predict the risk of drain infection based on routine blood tests at the time of drain insertion Low Data is only accessed by researchers based at the host institution, which remains in control of data access and the retention period. The study has received university ethics approval 22.4