TABLE 1.
Summary of N‐doped graphene catalysts for the ORR.
| Catalyst | Synthetic method | Electrolyte | E onset (vs RHE) | E 1/2 (vs RHE) | Electron transfer (n) | Tafel slope (mV dec‐1) | J L (mA cm‐1) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NrGO800 | Thermal annealing | 0.1 m NaOH | 0.88 V | 0.76 V | 3.66 | 65.4 | [99] | |
| NrGO‐900 | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.99 V | 0.84 V | 4 | – | [100] | |
| NrGO | Thermal annealing | 0.1 m NaOH | 1.03 V | 0.84 V | 3.5 | – | [103] | |
| NGS4‐900 | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.984 V | 0.859 V | 3.9 | 72 | 5.98 | [102] |
| PCNs | Thermal annealing | 0.1 m KOH | −0.02 V (vs Ag/AgCl) | – | 3.49–3.67 | – | 4.6 | [127] |
| N‐doped graphene | Hydrothermal and microwave treatments | 0.1 m KOH | −0.056 V (vs Ag/AgCl) | – | ≈4 | – | 3.91 | [128] |
| 1‐NGF‐9 | Thermal annealing | 0.1 m KOH | 0.89 V | – | ≈4 | – | 5.30 | [129] |
| 10N‐G‐800 | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.930 V | – | 3.99 | 60 | 5.13 | [130] |
| N‐G‐1000 | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.982 V | 0.862 V | 3.92 | 72 | 5.48 | [131] |
| B‐rGO | Hydrothermal | 0.1 m KOH | 0.833 V | 0.671 V | 3.7 | 76 | 4.1 | [112] |
| PN‐BG | Hydrothermal treatment and electrochemical deposition | 0.1 m KOH | – | – | 3.8–4.0 | – | – | [113] |
| S‐doped graphene nanosheet | Electrochemical exfoliation | 0.1 m NaOH | 0.810 V | – | 3.93 | −50.8 | – | [132] |
| F‐doped graphene | Thermal treatment | 0.1 m KOH | −0.28 V (vs Ag/AgCl) | – | 3.9–4.05 | 55 | [133] | |
| N, S co‐doped Graphene | Three‐step pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 1.01 V | 0.870 V | 3.975 | – | 5.99 | [134] |
| B&N‐rGO | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.850 V | – | 3.5 | 61.8 | – | [135] |
| B,N‐Graphene | Two‐step pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.06 V (vs Ag/AgCl) | – | – | – | 13.87 | [114] |
| HRBNG | Microwave hydrothermal | 0.1 m KOH | 0.93 V | – | 3.84 | – | – | [115] |
| NB/GO_55_700 | Ultrasonication and thermal annealing | 0.1 m KOH | 0.82 V | – | 3.98 | 43 | 2.43 | [116] |
| NBC‐1000 | Thermal annealing | 0.1 m KOH | 0.97 V | 0.84 V | 3.93 | – | 5.4 | [136] |
| P‐N‐Gr | Two step thermal annealing | 0.1 m KOH | 1.005 V | 0.82 V | 3.95 | 67 | 5.98 | [137] |
| NP‐PrGO‐1100 | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.913 V | 0.819 V | 4 | 78 | 5.48 | [138] |
| NCN‐1000‐5 | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.95 V | 0.82 V | 3.92 | 86 | 6.43 | [119] |
| NDGs‐800 | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.98 V | 0.85 V | ≈4 | 81 | 5.6 | [120] |
| N‐doped carbon nanoribbon | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.99 V | 0.870 V | 3.9 | 78 | 5.8 | [139] |
| N and S co‐doped carbon | Wet chemical | 50 mm PBS | 0.769 V | 0.613 V | 3.76–4.02 | – | 4.773 | [140] |
| N and P co‐doped porous carbon | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.98 V | 0.870 V | 3.93 | – | 6.24 | [141] |
| N‐doped carbon/graphene | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.922 V | 0.524 V | – | – | 1.85 | [142] |
| N‐doped graphitic porous carbon | Carbonization | 0.1 m KOH | −0.04 V (vs Ag/AgCl) | −0.18 V (vs Ag/AgCl) | 3.92 | – | 5.7 | [143] |
| S, N dual‐doped graphene‐like carbon nanosheets | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.950 V | 0.830 V | 3.6–3.9 | – | 4.86 | [144] |
| N‐doped graphdiyne | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.899 V | – | 3.8 | – | −4.5 | [124] |
| N, F co‐doped graphdiyne | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 1.0 V | – | 4.2 | – | – | [125] |
| N‐doped few‐layer graphdiyne | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | – | 0.87 V | 3.9 | 60 | – | [145] |
| N‐doped porous graphdiyne | Pyrolysis | 0.1 m KOH | 0.98 V | 0.83 V | 3.5 | 74 | 5.1 | [146] |
| N, P‐co‐doped graphdiyne | Thermal annealing | 0.1 m KOH | – | – | 3.62–3.68 | 58 | – | [147] |